Term
| What are the 9 Animal Phyla |
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Definition
| Porifera, Cnidarias,Platyhelminths, Nematodes, Mollusks, Annelids, Anthropods, Echinoderms, Chordates |
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Term
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Definition
Level of organization: No true tissue
Symmetry: Asymmetrical (some can be radially symmetrical)
Body plan: Acoelomates
Body cavity: 2 layers of cells with acellular matrix inbetween
Choanocytes-Flagellated cells line interior cavity
-Beating draws water in through pore in wall
-Food trapped on mucus |
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Term
| 2. Cnidarians=Jellyfish, Hydras, Sea Anemones, Corals |
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Definition
Level of organization: Tissues (simple organs)
Symmetry: Radial
Body plan: Acoelomates
Body cavity: Surrounds the gastrovascular cavity consists of an outer epidermis and an inner gastrodermis with mesoglea between them
-1. Medusae=Free floating, umbrella shaped, tentacles usually hang around umbrellas edge
-Example: Jellyfish
-2. Polyps=Cylindrical with tentacle ringed opening, most live attached to rocks (sessile)
-Example: Coral
-Some Cnidarians have life cycles that include both polyp and medusa stage |
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Term
| 3. Platyhelminths=Flatworms |
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Definition
Level of organization: Organs, no organ system
Symmetry: Bilateral (simplest bilateral animals)
Body plan: Acoelomates
Body cavity: No body cavity between organs
-Simplest animals with distinct head
-Examples of flatworms include parasitic flukes and tapeworms and free-living forms that live in fresh or saltwater or damp soil |
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Term
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Definition
Level of organization: Organs
Symmetry: Bilateral
Body plan: Pseudocoelomate
Body cavity: Fluid-filled
-Many roundworms are parasites
-Cause elephantiasis and trichinosis (from undercooked pork)
-Have digestive system and primitive excretory and nervous system
-C. elegans is a free-living nematode used in genetic/developmental research
-Entire genome sequenced
-Entire lineage of adults 1000 cells has been traced |
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Term
| 5. Mollusks=Clams, Snails, Octopuses |
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Definition
Level of organization: Organs
Symmetry: Bilateral
Body plan: Coelomate
Body cavity: most have hard shell
-Muscular foot, soft body covered by mantle (soft epithelium)
-Protostomes
4 body plans of mollusks describe dominant feature
-1. Cephalopods- “head-foot”
-Octopuses, squid
-Have most well-differentiated head and nervous system
-Long arm-like tentacles surrounding mouth
-Pair of large eyes
-2. Bivales – “2-shelled”
-Clams, mussels, oysters, scallops
-Muscular foot with which they may bury selves’
-3. Gastropods – “stomach foot”
-Snails, slug’s
-Eyes and feelers on district head
-Most have spiral or cone shaped shell
-4. Chitons – “tunic”
-Marine organisms that adhere to rocks
-Shell of 8 overlapping plates |
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Term
| 6. Annelids=Segmented Marine worms (polychaetes), earthworms, leeches |
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Definition
Level of organization: Organs
Symmetry: Bilateral
Body plan: Coelomate
-Characterized by soft, elongated body composed of series of ringlike segements
-Segements divided by partitions called septa
-Segmentation allows for flexibility and mobility
-Protostomes |
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Term
| 7. Arthropods- Crabs, lobsters, insects, centipedes, spiders, horseshoe crabs, mites, ticks: |
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Definition
Level of organization: Organs
Symmetry: Bilateral
Body plan: Coelomate
Body cavity: Segmented body
-Rigid exoskeleton that is periodically shed by molting |
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Term
| 8. Echinoderms=Sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers |
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Definition
Level of organization: Organs
Symmetry: Bilateral as larvae, radial as adults
Body plan: Coelomate
Body cavity: Segmented body (larva)
-Deuterostomes (unlike rest of invertebrates; connects them to chordates)
-“Spike skin”
-Water vascular system used for locomotion is unique to echinoderms |
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Term
| 9. Chordates=Vertebrates evolved from invertebrate ancestors and continue to share the distinctive features (humans) |
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Definition
Level of organization: Organs
Symmetry: Bilateral
Body plan: Coelomate
Body cavity: Segmentation (visible in embryos)
-Deuterostomes
-Somites=skeletal muscles |
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Term
| Features present in embryos of all chordates |
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Definition
1. Single, hollow nerve cord located along back
2. Rod-shaped notochord, which forms between nerve cord and the gut
3. Pharyngeal (gill) arches and slits at some stage of life
-Pharynx=cavity at the back of mouth
4. Muscular post-anal tail |
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Term
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Definition
1. Tunicates-Exhibit 4 primary features of chordates as larvae
2. Lancelets-Exhibit 4 primary features of chordates as adults
3. Vertebrates (backbone)
-Nerve cord=brain and spinal cord
-Notochord=Core around which vertebral column develops, encasing nerve cord
-Pharyngeal arches=gill structures in fish
-Ear, jaw, throat structures in land vertebrates |
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Term
| TUNICATES Describe/explain |
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Definition
-Sea squirts
-2500 species of marine animals
-Look like living sacs attached to ocean floor
-Large pharynx covered with protective tunic
-Filters plankton from seawater
-Pharynx lined with cilia
-Draws water in through incurrent siphon
-Plankton trapped in sticky mucus |
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Term
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Definition
Live in shallow waters of oceans
-Tiny and fishlike, but scaleless
-A few cm long
-Pointed at both ends (look like surgical blade called lancet)
-Notochord runs entire length of its dorsal nerve cord
-Retains notochord throughout lifespan
-Filter plankton from water in manner similar to tunicates |
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Term
Jawless fish
-lampreys - describe |
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Definition
-tubelike aquatic animals with round mouths
-have notochord, lack clear backbone (ancestors did have backbone)
-gills and fins
-lack jaws and scales (slimy skin)
-lampreys = only parasitic vertebrates |
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Term
| Cartilaginous fish (Chondrichthyes; “cartilage fish”) |
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Definition
sharks, skates, rays
-skeleton of cartilage instead of bone
-gills and fins
-denticle scales that are small, pointed, and toothlike
-sharks are mainly predators, some filter feed on plankton
-skates, rays-flattened bodies, adapted to live on ocean bottom, feed on invertebrates |
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Term
| Bony fish (Osteichthyes; oste=bone) |
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Definition
-gills and fins
-thin, overlapping bony scales
-operculum-bony flap that covers and protects gills |
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Term
19.5 Amphibians are tetrapods—vertebrates with two pairs of limbs
Amphibians (Amphibia; “both life”)
-frogs, toads, salamanders |
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Definition
“both life”
-live in water and on land
-typically have two lives: in water (tadpole), on land (frog)
-breath through skin, and gills or lungs |
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Term
Reptiles (Reptilia; “creeping”)
-crocodiles, alligators, turtles, lizards, snakes |
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Definition
-primarily live on land
-dry skin, covered with scales
-Reptiles (like previous vertebrate classe mentioned) are ectothermic
-ectothermic-“outside heat”
-regulate body temp. by taking in heat from the environment
-amniotic egg
-allows lifestyle away from water |
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Term
| 19.7 Birds are feathered reptiles with adaptations for flight |
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Definition
-feathers (modified scales?), wings (modified forelimbs)
-reptilian-like scales on legs
-endothermic (“within heat)
-use internal physiological mechanisms to regulate body temperature
-amniotic egg |
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Term
| 19.8 Mammals are amniotes that have hair and produce milk |
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Definition
Mammals (Mammalia)
-hair, females secrete milk from mammary glands
-endothermic
-subclasses include monotremes, marsupials, and placental mammals
Monotremes – egg-laying mammals
-platypus
Marsupials – Give birth to embryonic young that compete development in pouch.
Eutherians (placental mammals)
~95% of mammal species
-embryos are nurtured inside the mother by a placenta, an organ that includes
maternal and embryonic tissue |
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