Term
| Which type of lipid interacts with other such lipids to form the lipid bi-layer that is the foundation of all known membranes. |
|
Definition
| phospholipids interact to form the lipid bilayer and this unique interaction is due to each phospholipid molecule having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties |
|
|
Term
| Proteins typically exhibit predictable three-dimensional (3D) structures, although some proteins have a more flexible structure. Which statement regarding protein structure is true? |
|
Definition
| the order of the 20 different amino acids that form proteins typically determines the 3D structure of proteins |
|
|
Term
| Will a diet that lacks the essential amino acids, lysine and tryptophan, result in any health-related consequences? |
|
Definition
| yes, malnourishment will occur due to the inability to synthesize proteins |
|
|
Term
| evidence is accumulating that Mad Cow, Creutzfeld-Jakob, and other neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's Disease may share a common etiology. The evidence suggests that these neurological disorders are related to - |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which statement regarding disaccharides is true? |
|
Definition
| disaccharides, such as lactose or sucrose, are relatively small molecules that can readily be transported across cellular membranes or transported systemically |
|
|
Term
| Many cultures include a grain (wheat, rice, corn) and a legume (bean) with every meal. What is the nutritional basis of this practice? |
|
Definition
| provide a complete set of essential amino acids |
|
|
Term
| consider the relationship between the size of a carbohydrate and its biological function,. A carbohydrate that can enter or exit cells by crossing the cell membrane probably is a ________ or _________. A carbohydrate that stores some excess energy most likely is a ___________ |
|
Definition
| Disaccharide or Monosaccharide / Polysaccharide |
|
|
Term
| Polysaccharides perform a variety of functions in living systems. Which statement regarding glycogen is true? |
|
Definition
| Animals store some excess energy as glycogen in liver and muscle cells |
|
|
Term
| Polymers are long molecules formed by joining together individual molecular building blocks called monomers. Proteins are defined as biologically-active molecules that consist of one or more polypeptide chains. Which statement regarding polypeptides is true? |
|
Definition
| polypeptides are polymers formed by linking the 20 types of individual amino acids together |
|
|
Term
| Proteins are incredibly versatile biological molecules. Proteins are involved in every biological function except for - |
|
Definition
| The storage of genetic information |
|
|
Term
| True or False? Which statement regarding polysaccharides is false? |
|
Definition
| Animals link many monosaccharides together to form the polymer, chitin, which is used to make plant cell walls |
|
|
Term
| Where in nature is RNA, rather than DNA, the biological molecule used to store and transmit genetic information? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DNA and RNA are polynucleotides (polymers) formed by linking individual nucleotides (monomers) together. What are some differences between DNA and RNA? |
|
Definition
-RNA contains the pyrimidines, cytosine and uracil, while DNA contains the pyrimidines, cytosine and thymine
-DNA normally exists as a double-stranded molecule (double helix or duplex), while RNA typically exists as a single-stranded molecule
-DNA contains the pentose deoxyriboese, while RNA contains the pentose ribose
-DNA, due to its double-helix structure and the presence of deoxyribose, generally is more stable than RNA |
|
|
Term
| The stability of the DNA double helix is due to the hydrogen bonding between which complementary base pairs? |
|
Definition
| adenine forms two hydrogen bonds with thymine, and guanine forms three hydrogen bonds with cytosine |
|
|
Term
| Which hypothesis could account for why all known single-cell and multi-cell species store and transmit their genetic instructions in a specific type of nucleic acid? |
|
Definition
| DNA is a double-stranded, relatively stable molecule that can be copied and repaired with great accuracy |
|
|
Term
| The genetic information necessary to build, maintain, and reproduce all single-cell and multi-cell species is stored in DNA. How would you describe the specific information that is stored and also transmitted to offspring in DNA? |
|
Definition
| the precise sequence of amino acids in every required protein as well as the precise sequence of nucleotides in every required, specialized RNA molecule |
|
|
Term
| one strand of DNA molecule has a nucleotide sequence of 5'ATGCCCGCTTAGGTCCAT3'. What is the sequence of the complementary strand? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which statment accurately describes nucleotides? |
|
Definition
| nucleotides consist of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a negatively-charged phosphate group |
|
|
Term
| A double-stranded DNA molecule (double helix or duplex) that contains a total of 200 purines and 200 pyrimidines could contain exactly how many adenine and thymine nucleotides? |
|
Definition
| 200 adenine and 200 thymine |
|
|
Term
| The nitrogenous bases,______, are presented in DNA, whereas the nitrogenous bases _____, are present in RNA. |
|
Definition
| adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine/ adenine, cytosine, guanine, uracil |
|
|
Term
| DNA contains the pyrimidines, _____, while RNA contains the pyrimidines, ______. |
|
Definition
| thymine and cytosine/ uracil and cytosine |
|
|
Term
| RNA is an incredibly versatile biological molecule that is involved in numerous processes. RNA performs every biological function except for - |
|
Definition
| the storage of some excess energy in adipose (fat) tissue, muscle cells, and liver cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-catalysts that significantly accelerate the rate of chemical reactions
-enzymes significantly reduce activation energy (energy necessary for a reaction to occur)
-some enzymes convert thousands of substrate molecules to product per second
-the active site is the specific location where catalysis occurs |
|
|
Term
TRUE OR FALSE:
The activity of enzymes is precisely regulated to ensure that each enzyme is active when needed and inhibited when not needed. This precise regulation maintains cellular chemical levels within an acceptable range. The denaturation of enzymes in response to extreme changes in temperature is a common mechanism to reversibly inhibit enzyme activity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is the pharmaceutical industry so interested in the therapeutic applications of ribozymes? |
|
Definition
| Each ribozyme recognizes and cuts a specific nucleotide sequence in RNA, which leaves other, essential RNA molecules without this sequence intact and functional |
|
|
Term
| which hypothesis does not account for the remarkable ability of enzymes to reduce the activation energy required for a specific chemical reaction to occur? |
|
Definition
| substrates can be arranged in an orientation that prevents them from entering the transition state |
|
|
Term
TRUE OR FALSE:
Biological systems have evolved a number of mechanisms to ensure the precise regulation of enzyme activity. Competitive inhibitors bind to specific site (other than the active site) on the enzyme to reduce substrate accessibility to the active site |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The co-evolution between predator and prey populations has resulted in enzyme inhibitors that can irreversibly inhibit enzyme function. How would a prey animal benefit from the production of an irreversible enzyme inhibitor? |
|
Definition
| permanently inactivate an essential predator enzyme to reduce the risk of predation |
|
|
Term
| what are the currently recognized types of stem cells? |
|
Definition
-Adult (somatic)
-Embryonic
-Umbilical Cord
-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells |
|
|
Term
| Will checkpoint activation result in apoptosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cancer results from a breakdown in one or more components of cell cycle regulation. Which factor can disrupt cell cycle regulation? |
|
Definition
-Exposure to mutagens can increase the probability of mutations in genes related to cell cycle regulation
-mutations in some genes can result in proteins that constantly stimulate cell division
loss-of-function mutations in some genes can compromise the checkpoint system and permit damaged, potentially cancerous cells to continue with the cell cycle without being repaired or instructed to self-destruct (apoptosis)
-loss-of-function mutations in genes that induce apoptosis can eliminate the ability of cells to self-destruct when they are airreparably damaged and potentially cancerous |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Each cell must divide only when it benefits the needs of each individual cell to ensure a maximal rate of body growth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Multi-cellular species use each mechanism to precisely regulate the cell cycle. Will a Go signal (hormone or growth factor) that is randomly produced randomly promote cell division throughout our bodies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Whichspecific event would be observed during the Synthesis Phase (S Phase) of the cell cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cell have unique biological properties that prions, viroids, and viruses lack. Why are cells, rather than these pathogens, considered to be the most fundamental units of life? |
|
Definition
| they can acquire and process energy, reproduce, and repair themselves independently |
|
|
Term
| Some species consist of one cell, while others are composed of a mind-boggling community of trillions of interacting cells. Which species is more complex? Single cellular or multi-cellular species |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells share many similarities and there are some differences as well. Are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells generally equivalent in diameter and volume? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which group of stem cells has been shown to be totipotent? |
|
Definition
| Embryonic (until the 8-cell stage) |
|
|
Term
| At temepratures above 25 degrees C, a mutatnt yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) strain cannot synthesize the short, RNA strand required to initiate DNA replication. This indicates a defect in which component of DNA replication? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Our cells must be able to detect, interpret, and respond to a vast array of internal and external chemical and physical signals (ligands). How are our cells able to detect such an enormous range of ligands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Protein A is a large, hydrophilic protein located on the surface of a pathogenic virus particle (virion). How would our defensive white blood cells detect Protein A? |
|
Definition
| Receptor in the cell (plasma) membrane |
|
|
Term
Signal tranduction pathways enable our cells to respond to specific ligands in a predictable, effective manner. True or false:
Each cell type in the body will respond to a specific chemical or physical ligand in an identical manner |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are ligands and receptors essential for the proper function of each of our cell types? |
|
Definition
| detection, interpretation, and proper response to internal and external signals to coordinate cell behavior |
|
|
Term
| The majority of receptors characterized thus far belong to which group of biological molecules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Signal tranduction is the process that converts a signal (ligand) detected at the cell surface into the proper cellular response. Which family of enzymes, which adds phosphate groups to proteins, plays an essential role in this process? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Many types of cancer cells show disrupted signal transduction. How can aberrant signal transduction (cell signaling) result in cancer? |
|
Definition
| Continuous Go-Signal recognition by a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) |
|
|
Term
| How does the incredibly complex enzyme DNA Polymerase achieve such efficient and accurate DNA replication? |
|
Definition
| It has proofreading ability |
|
|
Term
| DNA replication is an extremely efficient and accurate process, although errors do occur. How could a mutation generated during DNA replication be beneficial? |
|
Definition
| It results in a protein with an improved function or a new, useful protein |
|
|
Term
| Single-cell and multi-cell species rely on mitotic cell division to support numerous processes. Which process is not directly dependent upon mitotic cell division? |
|
Definition
| Production of haploid gametes |
|
|
Term
| This enables single-cell species to reproduce, while supporting growth, repair, renewal, and defense in multi-cell species |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is required to instruct a non-cancerous cell to divide? |
|
Definition
| Go Signal (hormone or growth factor) |
|
|
Term
| Which event allows the initial physical interaction between the spindle microtubules and kinetochores to occur? |
|
Definition
| Nuclear envelope disassembly |
|
|
Term
| Mitotic cell division consists of mitosis and cytokinesis. Which event occurs during the anaphase stage of mitosis? |
|
Definition
| Sister chromatid separation |
|
|
Term
The cell (plasma) membrane performs a variety of fascinating biological functions. True or False:
the cell (plasma) membrane performs the essential function of storing and transmitting genetic information |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do channel proteins contribute to facilitated diffusion? |
|
Definition
| They allow small hydrophilic substances, such as K+, Na+, Ca++, and Cl-, to cross the hydrophobic interior of the lipid bilayer |
|
|
Term
| Which process would allow a white blood cell to uptake an entire virus particle for the purpose of neutralizing the virus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some cancer cells secrete growth factors that stimulate new blood vessel growth (angiogenesis). How would a cancer cell simultaneously export multiple copies of a relatively large, protein growth factor that induces angiogenesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Multiple biological molecules must interact effectively in order to form a functional cell membrane. Are triglycerides required? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What enables cancer cells, as well as bacteria, to export some foreign toxins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the essential cell cycle regulatory role of Go Signals? |
|
Definition
| They ensure that a cell will divide only when the body requires the cell to divide |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Apoptosis cannot be induced in some cancer cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cancer results from disrupted cell cycle regulation. Can efficient checkpoint function perturb efficient cell cycle regulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Transcription begins the process of accessing the information stored in a gene. Which event relates to transcription initiation? |
|
Definition
| The enzyme, RNA Polymerase, recognizes and binds to a specific sequence of nucleotides known as the promoter region, which often is identified by TATA Box sequence |
|
|
Term
Transcription produces a type of RNA known as messenger RNA (mRNA) or as a "transcript". True or False:
A GTP molecule, called the 5'Cap or G-Cap, is added to the 5'end of the transcript. The cap usually added to the 5' end of each mRNA molecule does not facilitate its interaction with the ribosome in the cytosol |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Gene expression requires transcription and translation. During translation, the information carried by a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule is converted or "translated" into a polypeptide with a specific amino acid sequence. TRUE or FALSE:
A specific codon in each mRNA molecule instructs the ribosome where to begin translation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
TRUE or FALSE:
Alternative splicing varies information in mRNA to allow a version of a protein to be produced that is more effective in a certain cell type, developmental stage, or environmental situation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
TRUE OR FALSE:
During translation, the information carried by a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to the cytoplasm is converted into a polypeptide with a specific amino acid sequence. RNA Polymerase plays a key role in the translation process by joining amino acids together in a linear order dictated by the linear order of codons in mRNA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The structural and functional complexity of the ribosome enables it to interpret the codon information in mRNA and make the corresponding polypeptide. What are the components of ribosomes and where are functional ribosomes localized in eukaryotic cells? |
|
Definition
| The ribosome consists of a specific type of RNA (Ribosomal RNA) and specific proteins (ribosomal proteins) and it performs translation in the cytosol/cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| Polypeptides require processing after translation in order to become biologically-active proteins. How does the proper folding of a newly formed polypeptide into a functional protein occur? |
|
Definition
-Some polypeptides fold spontaneously into a specific three-dimensional structure without any assistance.
-Some polypeptides require assistance from specialized proteins, called chaperone proteins or chaperonins, to fold properly.
-Some polypeptides fold spontaneously into an intermediate structure, which then requires the assistance of chaperone proteins (chaperonins) to fold into a specific three-dimensional structure
-Some polypeptides are imported into a chaperone protein complex where proper folding can occur |
|
|
Term
| Polypeptide require additional processing after translation in order to become biologically-active proteins. What are some types of processing? |
|
Definition
-One or more amino acids of the protein can be phosphorylated (the addition of a phosphate group) by kinase enzymes
-One or more amino acids of the protein can be glycosylated (typically the addition of an oligosaccharide)
-One or more amino acids of the protein can be removed
-One or more amino acids of the protein can have a lipid attached to permit interaction with cellular membranes |
|
|
Term
Each biologically-active protein is localized to a specific intra-cellular or extra-cellular location. Specific delivery mechanisms ensure that each protein reaches its proper destination.
TRUE or FALSE:
Protein destined for the cell cytosol are translated by ribosomes in the nucleus and are subsequently delivered to the cytosol |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Gregor Mendel used the monohybrid cross to begin investigating the mechanisms that govern inheritance. Which statement is TRUE:
-the monohybrid cross enables the pattern of inheritance for one specific gene (character) to be assessed
-The parents chosen for the monohybrid cross have identical genotypes except at the locus/gene that controls the character under investigation
-The parents chosen for the monohybrid cross have different alleles only at the gene/locus regulating the character under investigation
-The monohybrid cross showed that each gene exists as a pair of alleles in diploid individuals
-All of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Gregor mendel used the monohybrid cross as an experimental approach to investigate the mechanisms that govern the transmission and inheritance of a single character/trait from parents to offspring. Which principles emerged from Mendel's impressive series of monohybrid crossing experiments?
-Each gamete formed during meiosis receives one allele from each pair that exists in the parent
-In some heterozygote offspring, only one allele (dominant) can be expressed in the phenotype
-In diploid individuals, the units of inheritance (genes) exist as pairs of alleles with one allele on the homologous chromosome from the female parent and the other allele on the homologous chromosome from the male parent
-The different traits in each parent, flower color for example, do not mix or blend in the offspring because each character is due to an allele that contains slightly different information that results in either purple or white flower color
-All of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
TRUE or FALSE:
Regarding Mendel's dihybrid crossing experiments, Mendel devised the dihybrid cross specifically to investigate the inheritance pattern of one trait that differed between each parental line |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Mutations occur in somatic cells as well as in germline cells. TRUE or FALSE:
Mutations in germline cells are transmitted to the next generation, whereas somatic mutations are not although their impact can be medically significant (increase the risk of cancer, for example) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why must and individual inherit two copies of a loss of function mutated allele in order for a recessive phenotype to develop? |
|
Definition
| Both alleles do not code for functional protein, so no functional protein is produced |
|
|
Term
TRUE or FALSE:
The Y-chromosome is much smaller than the X-chromosome and contains fewer genes than the X-chromosome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| It is desirable when breeding crops or livestock to know if an individual expressing a valuable dominant phenotype is homozygous dominant or heterozygous at the locus/gene that regulates this phenotype. What experiment did Mendel devise to determine the specific genotype of such an individual? |
|
Definition
| The test cross is used to determine genotype, where this individual is mated with a homozygous recessive individual |
|
|
Term
| Gregor Mendel's brilliantly creative research formed the conceptual foundation of genetics. Subsequent research has built upon Mendel's principles to provide a more complete picture of inheritance. How do organelles other than the nucleus contribute to inheritance in eukaryotes? |
|
Definition
| The mitochondrion and chloroplast each has an independent chromosome, and offspring inherit both organelles exclusively from the female parent |
|
|
Term
Some of Mendel's principles of inheritance have been expanded to account for mechanisms of inheritance that were difficult to investigate using monohybrid or dihybrid crossing experiments in pea. TRUE or FALSE:
The results emerging from the relatively new field of behavioral genetics show that most behavioral traits are regulated by a single gene |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which types of mutations have been documented? |
|
Definition
Point mutations
Chromosomal translocations
Chromosomal inversions
Chromosomal deletions |
|
|
Term
| The absence of controlled breeding experiments (controlled matings)in humans has lead to the use of pedigrees to identify the pattern of inheritance for a specific trait in humans. Which pattern would be expected in a pedigree where a trait is transmitted in an X-linked recessive manner? |
|
Definition
| This trait is absent in females |
|
|
Term
| The absence of controlled breeding experiments (controlled matings) in humans has lead to the use of pedigrees to identify the pattern of inheritance for a specific trait in humans. Which pattern would be expected in a pedigree where a rare disorder is transmitted in an autosomal recessive manner? |
|
Definition
| Neither parent of an affected child is affected |
|
|
Term
| Achondroplasia is a form of dwarfism expressed in heterozygotes. How could homozygous recessive parents of typical height have a dwarf child? |
|
Definition
| A mutation in the gene that regulates height converted the wild-type allele to the dwarf allele in the father during meiosis |
|
|
Term
| Which characteristic would be expected in a human pedigree where a disorder is transmitted in an autosomal recessive manner? |
|
Definition
| If both parents are affected, then all of their children will be affected |
|
|
Term
| Which characteristic would be expected in a human pedigree where a specific genetic disorder is transmitted in an autosomal dominant manner? |
|
Definition
| An affected child has an affected parent |
|
|
Term
| Which characteristic would you expect to observe in a human pedigree where a specific trait is transmitted through cytoplasmic inheritance? |
|
Definition
| This trait passes from affected mothers to all children |
|
|
Term
| Red and green colorblindness is observed in a son whose mother does not contrain the colorblind allele on her X-chromosome. How could this mother have a colorblind son? |
|
Definition
| During meiosis in the mother, a mutation occurred in the red/green vision gene that converted it to the colorblind allele |
|
|
Term
| Tay-Sachs is a lethal autosomal recessive disorder. Why doesn't this disorder develop in heterozygotes? |
|
Definition
| Heterozygotes can produce the wild-type enzyme that degrades a specific lipid |
|
|
Term
| Bacteria have evolved effective mechanisms that allow the precise regulation of gene expression. How will expression of the lactose (lac) operon be affected when E. coli contains the disaccharide, lactose? |
|
Definition
| This operon would be expressed since lactose binds to the repressor protein causing it to release the operator |
|
|
Term
| How is lac operon expression affected when E. coli lacks the disaccharide, lactose? |
|
Definition
| This operon is repressed because the lac repressor protein remains bound to the operator |
|
|
Term
Biologically-useful energy is required at all levels of biology organization (the cell level, the tissue level, the organ level, the organism level, the ecosystem level, and the biosphere level) to support life. TRUE or FALSE:
Photosynthesis converts someenergy in sunlight into biologically-useful form of energy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some organelles convert some energy in sunlight or food molecules into a form of biologically-available energy that drives the myriad chemical reactions that permit and sustain life. Which specific, energy-rich molecule that drives the majority of endergonic reactions in cells is produced by these select organelles? |
|
Definition
| the mitochondrion and chloroplast produce ATP |
|
|
Term
Endergonic biochemical reactions require energy. Exergonic biochemical reactions release energy. TRUE or FALSE
Endergonic reactions provide the energy that drives exergonic reactions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Metabolism describes the dazzling array of chemical reactions that support life. TRUE or FALSE:
Anabolic reactions typically are biosynthetic reactions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP) is an energy-rich, indispensable compound that supports many endergonic reactions. Which statement accurately describes ATP?
-ATP releases biologically-useful energy when hydrolyzed
-ATP is identical in structure to the RNA nucleotide, rATP that is used to make RNA
-Each ATP molecule in a cell is hydrolyzed and re-synthesized an estimated 10,000 times each day
-each cell is estimated to hydrolyze a million or more ATP molecules every second to satisfy its energy needs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
TRUE or FALSE:
Cells use enzymes to reduce the reaction rate so that most chemical reactions require minutes, days, or months to occur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which mechanism enables cells to perform endergonic, anabolic reactions? |
|
Definition
| They perform endergonic reactions by coupling them to exergonic reactions such as ATP or GTP hydrolysis |
|
|
Term
| Which product generated during energy-payoff phase of glycolysis can be used immediately to support endergonic reactions in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When glucose is imported into the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, which mechanism helps to retain glucose in the cell? |
|
Definition
| A phosphate group is attached to glucose during the energy investment phase of glycolysis |
|
|
Term
| Under anaerobic/anoxic conditions, how does fermentation enable glycolysis to generate ATP during the energy payoff phase? |
|
Definition
| It creates a supply of NAD+ |
|
|
Term
| The energy-rich compounds Acetyl CoA and NADH are produced during which process that also produces CO2? |
|
Definition
| Pyruvate oxidation (the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex) |
|
|
Term
| When is the energy-rich compound NADH produced during cellular respiration? |
|
Definition
Glycolysis
Pyruvate oxidation
Krebs cycle |
|
|
Term
| Electron flow through the electron transport chain in the mitochondrion releases some biologically-useful energy. How does electron transport contribute to ATP synthesis? |
|
Definition
| It forms a hydrogen ion (H+) gradient across the inner-membrane of the mitochondrion |
|
|
Term
| Which potential compound probably has the greatest probability of being a lethal toxin? |
|
Definition
| Compound 3 prevents oxygen (O2) from binding to cytochrome oxidase |
|
|
