Term
| What can account for both the diversity and uniformity observed among living organisms on earth? |
|
Definition
| descent with modification |
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Term
elements have ___ type of atom
molecules have ___ type of atom
compounds have ___ type of atom |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| number of protons in the atom |
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Term
Mass number =
Atomic mass = |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the outermost shell is called the |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| a ____ bond is the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
_____ bonding is the electrostatic force of attraction between positively and negatively charged ions.
electrons are transferred from one atom to another |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is a measure of the attraction an atom involved in a bond has for the electrons of the bond. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When two atoms bonded by a covalent bond have the same electronegativity the electrons will be equally shared. This is called ________ covalent bonding |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Covalent bonds with unequal electron sharing are called _______ covalent bonds. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 examples of intramolecular forces of attraction |
|
Definition
| Van der Waals and hydrogen bonding |
|
|
Term
________ are attractions between molecules that are close together as a result of these charges
are a result of electrostatic attraction between temporary dipoles (area of charge separation) and caused by movement of electrons in atoms and molecules. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Weak chemical bonds reinforce ____ of large molecules and help molecules_____ |
|
Definition
| shapes; adhere to each other |
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Term
| is reached when the forward and reverse reaction rates are equal. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is water polar or non polar? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| water molecules form ____ bonds with each other |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 water properties that facilitate live environment |
|
Definition
Cohesive behavior
Ability to moderate temperature
Expansion upon freezing
Versatility as a solvent |
|
|
Term
| is a measure of how hard it is to break the surface of a liquid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| water's specific heat is very |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| ________ is the amount of heat that must be absorbed (or lost) for 1 gram of a substance to change its temperature by 1o C. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Heat is________when hydrogen bonds break
Heat is _______ when hydrogen bonds form |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ice is ____ dense than water |
|
Definition
less
due to stability of hydrogen bonds |
|
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Term
| is a liquid that is a homogeneous mixture of substances |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When an ionic compound is dissolved in water, each ion is surrounded by a sphere of water molecules called a |
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Definition
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Term
| stable suspension of fine particles in a liquid |
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Definition
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Term
| chemical reactions depend on |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| The more H+ ions there are in a solution, the more ____ it is. |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| are substances that minimize changes in concentrations of H+ and OH– in a solution |
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Definition
|
|
Term
organic means ____
typically also have ___ |
|
Definition
| having carbon in the compounds... usually have hydrogen too |
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Term
the idea that carbon-hydrogen compounds arise only in organisms.
LATER DISPROVED |
|
Definition
| vitalism...later disproved |
|
|
Term
| the view that all natural phenomena are governed by physical and chemical laws |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| determines the kinds and number of bonds an atom will form with other atoms |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| form the skeletons of most organic molecules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen |
|
Definition
hydrocarbons
THEYRE NON POLAR, reactions release a LOT of energy |
|
|
Term
| are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| have different covalent arrangements of their atoms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ isomers have the same covalent arrangements but differ in spatial arrangements around a double bond |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are isomers that are mirror images of each other |
|
Definition
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|
Term
are the components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions
The # and arrangement of these give each molecule its unique properties |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are large molecules composed of thousands of covalently connected atoms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fats are built from subunits via |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
Joining together two monomers by removing a molecule of water
repeat to make longer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Breaking apart monomers by adding water
repeat to break bond |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the two disaccharides from carbs |
|
Definition
sucrose- fructose & glucose
& lactose- galactose and glucose |
|
|
Term
| two types of polysaccharides are |
|
Definition
cellulose
starch & glycogen |
|
|
Term
| monosaccharides are classified by |
|
Definition
| location of carbonyl group |
|
|
Term
| in aqueous solutions many sugars form |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| glycosidic linkage has what type of bond? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
storage polysaccharide in animals is
for plants its |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
amylose-unbranched 4
amylopectin-branched 6 |
|
|
Term
| Polymers with alpha glucose are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cellulose in human food passes through the digestive tract as ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
a structural polysaccharide that provides structural support for the cell walls of many fungi
nitrogen group attached to glucose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the unifying feature of lipids is they have: |
|
Definition
| no/little affinity for water |
|
|
Term
| 3 most biologically important lipids are: |
|
Definition
| fats, phospholipids, steroids |
|
|
Term
| fats are constructed from two types of smaller molecules: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in a phospholipid...The two fatty acid tails are _____, but the phosphate group and its attachments form a _____ head |
|
Definition
| hydrophobic....hydrophilic |
|
|
Term
| phospholipids and cholesterol are very important in _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the bond between two amino acids is a ____ bond |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| polymers built from the combinations of the 20 amino acids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are a type of protein that acts as a catalyst to speed up chemical reactions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| there are ___ different types of amino acids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the order of the amino acids that form the polypeptide affects how the protein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tertiary structure is determined by |
|
Definition
| interactions among various side chains (R groups) |
|
|
Term
| primary structure is based on the |
|
Definition
| the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain |
|
|
Term
| secondary structure is due to the ___ bonds |
|
Definition
| hydrogen. between repeating constituents of the polypeptide backbone |
|
|
Term
| 4 types of interactions in tertiary structure are |
|
Definition
| disulfide bridges, van der waals, hydrophobic interactions and some hydrogen bonding |
|
|
Term
| is a fibrous protein consisting of three polypeptides coiled like a rope |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is a globular protein consisting of four polypeptides: two alpha and two beta chains |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the loss of a protein's native structure is called |
|
Definition
denaturation
which makes it biologically inactive |
|
|
Term
| protein molecules that assist the proper folding of other proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Alzheimer’s,
Parkinson’s
mad cow disease
Lou Gehrig’s disease
can all be caused by _____ proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ directs the synthesis of mRNA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ RNA controls protein synthesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each _____ consists of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a ____ has only a nitrogenous base and a pentose sugar |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Nucleotide: uracil instead of thymine
Single stranded
ribose v deoxy-ribose
these are characteristics of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the bonds holding together a base pair of DNA are ___ bonds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| carries energy stored in bonds between phosphate groups |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ carry chemical signals between molecule |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 types of cellular life: |
|
Definition
| archaea, bacteria, and eukaryota |
|
|
Term
| aqueous droplet surrounded by a membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lipids added to water can spontaneously form |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 types of life in the domain eukarya: |
|
Definition
| protists, fungi, plantae, animalia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cell (plasma) membrane
Semi-fluid interior = cytoplasm (aka cytosol)
DNA organized into chromosome/s
Ribosomes
THESE 4 CHARACTERISTICS ARE COMMON TO: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cell (plasma) membrane
Semi-fluid interior = cytoplasm (aka cytosol)
DNA organized into chromosome/s
Ribosomes
THESE 4 CHARACTERISTICS ARE COMMON TO: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 main differences in eukaryotes that aren't in prokaryotes: |
|
Definition
| membrane bound organelles and TRUE nucleus, compartmentalized membranes! |
|
|
Term
| in prokaryotes, DNA is located in the unbound region called hte |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bacteria cell walls are made of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a difference between archaea and bacteria is that archaea includes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and wastes occurs at the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ cells have a greater surface area relative to volume |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The_____ the surface to volume ratio, the less effective is exchange of gases & nutrients per unit of volume |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To get big, increase ______ not cell size |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| you to see cells dead OR ALIVE |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| you to see cells dead OR ALIVE |
|
|
Term
| TEM & SEM are both in the type of ___ microscopy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ Separates cellular components based on size and density |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
chloroplasts (plastids), central vacuoles, cell wall, plasmodesmata
these are only found in ___ cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
lysosomes, centrosomes & centrioles, flagella
these are only found in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The general structure of a biological membrane is a double layer of _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ use the information from the DNA to make proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ regulate the entry and exit of molecules from the nucleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The shape of the nucleus is maintained by the _____ which is composed of protein filaments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the nucleus, DNA and proteins form genetic material called ____ which condenses to make chromosomes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the site of ribosomal RNA synthesis is the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In the cytosol (free ribosomes)
On the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or the nuclear envelope (bound ribosomes)
these are the two places of _____ synthesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Nuclear envelope
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Plasma membrane
These are the 6 components of the _________
These components are either continuous or connected via transfer by |
|
Definition
| endomembrane system; vesicles |
|
|
Term
Nuclear envelope
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Plasma membrane
These are the 6 components of the _________
These components are either continuous or connected via transfer by |
|
Definition
| endomembrane system; vesicles |
|
|
Term
Nuclear envelope
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Plasma membrane
These are the 6 components of the _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ER membrane is continuous with the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| different from the ROUGH ER the smooth ER has NO |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| metabolizes carbs, synthesizes lipids & stores calcium |
|
|
Term
| Polypeptide often combined with carbohydrate is called a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| transport vesicles leave Rough ER then travel to the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| membranes for other parts of the cell |
|
|
Term
| flattened membranous sacs are called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Further modification of the glyco-proteins received from the ER
Modification of phospholipids
Manufactures certain macromolecules
Sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles
ALL OF THESE ARE FUNCTIONS OF THE |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cis face is the ___ side of the golgi |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Last step before protein leaves golgi = |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hydrolytic enzymes (lyzozymes) made in RER, travel through Golgi, and are packaged as _____ for use in cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest all macromolecules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| food vacuoles are formed when a cell engulfs another via ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organic compounds and water |
|
|
Term
| contractile vacuoles pump out ____ |
|
Definition
| excess water out of the cells |
|
|
Term
| mitochondria and chloroplasts have 3 things in common: |
|
Definition
| own circular DNA, have proteins made of free ribosomes, and both have a double membrane |
|
|
Term
| mitochondria is necessary for ____ reactions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mitochondria extracts ___ |
|
Definition
| energy from food molecules |
|
|
Term
| chloroplasts are members of the family of ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the inner membrane of a ______ is usually not visible when viewed through an electron micrograph |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Specialized metabolic compartments bounded by a single membrane
Detoxify harmful compounds (alcohol) by converting to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm
Organizes the cell’s structures and activities
Anchors many organelles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Shaping the cell – resist compression
Guiding movement of organelles
Separating chromosomes during cell division
Major components of:
Centrioles & Centrosomes
Flagella
Cilia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _______ is a microtubule-organizing center. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| centrioles have ____ sets of microtubules in triplets |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Microtubules are responsible for the beating of ___ & ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cilia and flagella are anchored by a ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
there are short and many ____
there are long and few ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A motor protein called ______ drives the bending movements of a cilium or flagellum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
muscle contraction, cell division (form cleavage furrow), cell motility (pseudopodia), tension bearing in maintenance of cell shape
these are the functions of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| microvilli of intestinal cells are made from bundles of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Microfilaments that function in cellular motility contain the protein _____ in addition to actin |
|
Definition
myosin
myosin in my microfil |
|
|
Term
forms nuclear lamina, anchors nucleus and other organelles
are more permanent parts of the cytoskeleton than the other two classes
these are functions of the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Non-motile
Functions in signal reception
Important in kidney, brain function and embryonic development.
Defect in it --> polycystic kidney disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| gram negative type of bacterial cell wall has a ___ complex structure than gram positive |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| thin layer between primary walls of adjacent cells (pectin) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| allow passage of water and small solutes (and sometimes proteins and RNA) from cell to cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| THE ECM for animals is made up of |
|
Definition
| collagen, proteoglycan and fibronectin |
|
|
Term
| ECM proteins bind to receptor proteins in the plasma membrane called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Support and shape tissues
Movement – tracks for migrating cells during embryonic development
Affect signaling within the cell
Regulate: Secreted proteins & Immune response
functions of the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (anchoring junctions) fasten cells together into strong sheets |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (communicating junctions) provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together, preventing leakage of extracellular fluid
these are called ___ junctions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a problem with the Danellie fluid mosaic model is that: The membrane proteins are amphipathic which means |
|
Definition
| they have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions |
|
|
Term
| is a specialized preparation technique that splits a membrane along the middle of the phospholipid bilayer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Membrane fluidity depends on what types of |
|
Definition
| fatty acids compose the hydrophobic tails of the phospholipids |
|
|
Term
| membrane fluidity is ____ dependent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
for membrane fluidity: At warm temperatures (such as 37°C), ______ restrains movement of phospholipids.
At cool temperatures, it maintains fluidity by preventing tight packing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| davson and danellie proposed the ____ model which was later disproved |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| for the fluid mosaic model ________ proposed that the membrane is a mosaic of proteins dispersed within the bilayer, with only the hydrophilic regions exposed to water. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ proteins are bound to the surface of the membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
_______ proteins penetrate the hydrophobic core.
Some extend through to outside and inside of cell.
Some extend only partway into the membrane on cross the entire membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The asymmetrical distribution of proteins, lipids, and associated carbohydrates in the plasma membrane is determined when the membrane is built by _____ |
|
Definition
| the ER and Golgi apparatus |
|
|
Term
| _______ on the external side of the plasma membrane vary among species, individuals, and even cell types in an individual |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ molecules, such as hydrocarbons, O2 and CO2 can dissolve in the lipid bilayer and pass through the membrane rapidly |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ such as sugars and ions, do not cross the lipid membrane easily |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
-never a direct connection between outside and in.
-Change shape which allows it to open first to one side and then the other
what type of transport protein is this? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| two types of transport proteins are: |
|
Definition
| carrier & channel proteins |
|
|
Term
– form a water filled pore
Ions (Na+ and K+) pass through channels
Water also uses these called aquaphorins
what type of transport protein is this? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
No energy needed
High to low concentration
Examples diffusion, osmosis
this is describing ____ transport |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Energy needed
Low to high or high to low concentration
Examples: Na+-K+ pump, H+ pump
these describe ___ transport |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is the tendency for molecules to spread out evenly into the available space |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Factors that affect ___ diffusion :
Molecule size
Temperature
Medium
Volatility |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
low to high solute concentration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ is the ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Solute concentration is the same as that inside the cell; no net water movement across the plasma membrane
this describes a ____ solution |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Solute concentration is greater than that inside the cell; cell loses water in a _____ solution |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Solute concentration is less than that inside the cell; cell gains water in a ____ solution |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Diffusion requires a _______ if the membrane is not permeable to the solute |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Facilitated diffusion is still ____ because the solute moves down its concentration gradient |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ transport moves substances against their concentration gradient |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Concentration gradient established by Na+/K+ pump favors movement of ______ into cell. Can be used to co-transport other solutes against their concentration gradient |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| primary active transport uses __ as energy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ____ pump is the main electrogenic pump in plants, fungi, & bacteria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Phagocytosis
Exocytosis
Endocytosis
These processes require energy
these are describing traits/processes of ____ transport |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
_____ is the voltage difference across a membrane
Inside of cell is negative compared to the outside
Usually about -70 mV |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
____ can power:
Secondary active transport
Signals in neurons (action potentials) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is the sequence of events that leads to the cell’s response to the signal |
|
Definition
| signal transduction pathway |
|
|
Term
| ___ is the conversion of the external signal to internal signals or reactions within the cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ determines whether the cell is a target for a given ligand |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Binding of ____ to receptor leads to a chemical change inside the cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cell junctions that directly connect the cytoplasm of adjacent cells
direct cell to cell contact, or cell-cell recognition
these are examples of ___ signaling |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the two types of long distance signaling are: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
____ : produce hormones that are carried by the circulatory system to remote locations within the organism.
this is a type of long distance signaling |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a type of long distance signaling where: Electrical transmission along neurons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a signal molecule is also called a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
_____ receptor=
Larger or polar signals. The peptide hormone insulin is hydrophilic and cannot pass through the cell membrane. The insulin receptor is a transmembrane protein with an extracellular domain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
____ receptors=
Small or nonpolar signals. The steroid hormone estrogen is lipid soluble and can pass through the cell membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| membrane bound receptors bind |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cytoplasmic receptors bind _____ signals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| receptors can be in these three places: |
|
Definition
| the nucleus, the cytoplasm (for lipophylic) or on the cell membrane |
|
|
Term
1. Ion channels
2. G protein coupled receptors
3. Receptor enzymes
Example receptor tyrosine kinase
these are the 3 MAIN types of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
____ channels are
Ligand gated
Voltage gated
Mechanically gated |
|
Definition
ion
type of membrane receptor |
|
|
Term
| = enzyme that catalyzes phosphorylation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In many pathways, the signal is transmitted by a cascade of__________________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Protein phosphatases remove the phosphates from proteins, a process called _____________ |
|
Definition
| dephosphoylation by hydrolysis |
|
|
Term
| direct Change initiated by membrane receptor/ligand is via |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| signal transduction pathways involve involve activation of proteins within the cell by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
cAMP
Ca2+
IP3 (diffuses through cytoplasm) and DAG (lipid soluble - remains associated with membrane)
these 3 are examples of _____ in a signal transduction pathway |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When it’s time to stop the signal cascade, enzymes break down _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
IP3 acts on __________ to release Ca2+ which then also acts as a second messenger (even though it’s #3!)
in signal transduction pathways |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Protein kinase activates (phosphorylates) enzyme while _______________ inactivates (dephosphorylates) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Adenylyl cylase forms cAMP while ________________ inactivates cAMP |
|
Definition
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| the capacity to cause change (do work) |
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________ pathways consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones
The synthesis of protein from Amino acids |
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release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds
Cellular respiration, the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen, |
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| Energy is neither created nor destroyed. |
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| every energy transfer increases |
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When energy is converted from one form to another, some of that energy becomes unavailable to do work.
this is the |
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| If ΔG is negative, free energy is _______ |
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| No outside energy input needed = __________ process |
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| During a spontaneous change, free energy _____ and the stability of a system ____ |
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| free energy decreases and stability increases |
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| A process is spontaneous and can perform work only when it is moving toward ____ |
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| only ____ reactions can be energy coupled |
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| ATP drives____ reactions by phosphorylation, transferring a phosphate group to some other molecule, such as a reactant |
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| making ATP is a ____ reaction |
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| Hydrolysis of ATP yields_____ |
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| Activation energy changes the reactants into unstable forms with higher free energy which are called |
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| transition state intermediates |
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| substrate molecules bind at the |
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| the _____ of the enzyme determines the _____ |
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| 3D shape determines which molecules they interact with |
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| Enzymes ____ the energy barrier for reactions. |
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| Enzymes can temporarily add ______ to substrates. |
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| Binding of substrate to the active site depends on ____ bonds, attraction and repulsion of electrically charged groups, and hydrophobic interactions. |
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| Binding of substrate to the active site depends on ____ bonds, attraction and repulsion of electrically charged groups, and hydrophobic interactions. |
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| Small carbon-containing molecules; not bound permanently to enzymes are called |
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| The more substrate, the ________ the reaction |
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| Naturally occurring _______ are important in regulating metabolism. |
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Inhibitor covalently bonds to side chains in the active site—permanently inactivates the enzyme.
this is called ____ inhibition |
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An effector molecule binds to a regulatory subunit, inducing the enzyme to change its shape.
this is called ____ regulation |
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| In ___________ inhibition, the end product of a metabolic pathway shuts down the pathway |
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| if there are a lot of bacteria then ____ can occur |
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