1Richest Source of fossiles

2.radmization

Fossils are most bias to

Pangea last was formed at

1. sedimentary rock

2. mirror image

small shell fish

4. paleozic

1. Order paleozoic, mesozoic, cenozoic
2. pleisocene mega fauna

1. palezoic, mesozoic, cenozoic

2. large animals going extinc

1. impact hypothesis
2. what did walter& Luis Alvarez hypothesis
3. When were earth's landmasses arragned panegea
4. KT boundary
5. cambrian explosion occured when?
6. when was diversity highest?
7. when was concentration of CO2 highest
8. ____ contains actual air for information of CO2 level of thousands of years ago
   

1. histroy of life is puncuated by mass extinctions followed by adaptive radiation
2. asteroid, the bolide impact
3. 252 MYA
4. Bolide impact giving high Iridume level
5. 542MYA
6. cenezoic
7. palezoic
8. ice

1. Metal image of nuclear winter is used to descirbe the large bolide impact, this omious metaphor signifies?
2. what is somking gun
3. Which contains the most speices the taxonomic order, family,class o phylum to which humans belong?
4. name the classification of life from larget to smallest

1. time of darkness and extreem cold caused by amospheric smok and dust
2. bolide impact
3. phylum
4. kingdom, phylum, classm order, family, geneus, speices

1. The immense dinosor lived until?
2. what is the differnece between the monophyletic, paraphyletic,polyphyletic group?
3. def. of homoplasy and a synonym
4. two barrel shaped plants are example of
5. early raptalian humans are?
6. draw how lipid bilayer looks like
7. draw how liposomes (Protobionts) looks like

1. Creatauous (end of mezazoic)
2. monopylectic: consists of all desecndants of a ancestor, paraphyletic: parts of the monophyletic group, polyphylectic:not all members share common ancestor
3. analogous structure that arose independently, syn: convergent evolution
4. homoplasy
5. homoplasy

1. what caused the oxygne revolution?
2. why will scientist never clone T-rex?
3. out group or novel homologies is?
4. anatomosis?
5. synapomorphies?

1. cyanobacteria
2. The DNA is not stable long enougth to sill excist
3. the group in the Phylogentic tree that has longer evolution than the ingroup
4. horizontal transfer of genes
5. triat that is shared by 2 or more group and has to be present in the most recent ancestor

1. life on earth orginated when?
2. How old is earth?
3. stomatolite is?
4. First appearance of Eukatyotes?
5. what is endosymbiosis theory? (know picture too)
6. heterotrophic is?
7. is plants heterotrophic?

1. 3.5-4.0 BYA
2. 4.5-4.6 BYA
3. Very old bacteria they are still extant
4. ~2BYA
5. prokaryote engulfed another prokaryote
6. organisms that use organic material for growth
7. no, it is photohetrophic, uses cholorplast

1. things to note in this time (archaean, proterzoic,pre-cambrian, paleozoic,cenozoic)
2. rightly or wrongly we use banded rock formation to mark the time of large amount of oxygen in the atmosphere they look like?
3. is it valid to study orgin of life?
4. with the experiment by miler& urey we are able to..

1. archaean: prokaryote Proterzoic:oxygen revolution,eukaryotes pre-cambrian: animals than cambrian explosion, paleozoic:colonization of land cenozoic:humans
2. phone pic, but just rock that shows layers, differes from bolide
3. Yes
4. synthesize abiotic materials and create polymers can be done.

1. what was this used for?

   [image]

experiment with titan, it showed that laboratoty simulation of early earth condition produces organic polymers

who is this person?

[image]

Neil deGrasse Tyson

1. what is the primitive gentic material?
2. is Mimi virus life?
3. It is possible that an article will arise that states with increase in effort to taxonomy and conservation most speices could be protected from extinction?
4. what is keeling curve( carbon curve) and image of blue marble effective in?

1. RNA
2. no, b/c it can't be self-sustained
3. YES
4. make people think globally

1. panspermia means?
2. why are tropical places important to conserve
3. what is the critira for mass extinction?
4. what is sibrian trap?

1. chemicals and life came from outer space, thought electric lightning organmic material formed and produced RNA leading to life
2. they contain high# of organism (diversity)
3. global, broad range of critter, rapid
4. a volcanic activity that is hypothesized to casuse permian extinction.

1. what is the reason whythe large animals in the N. America went extinct
2. why did wild hawthorn trees developed long thorns?
3. where is the one country where there is no light in night?
4. Keeling curve is?

1. not sure, there is no definative answer
2. to protect themselves from large herbavior
3. N. Korea
4. Atomospheric CO2 measure in Hawaii

1. the divergence in the apple maggot fly occured b/c
2. What condition completely prevents NS as evolution
3. reciprocal altruism
4. Is it possible that realtive fitness of an individual is increased but not the # of offspring?

1. flies hwere ecologically separted
2. when variation between individuals is due only to enviornmental factor
3. action that reduces the fitness of an organism to increase another organism's fitness
4. Yes, if the envionment changes and individuals lacking the mutation reporduces less.

1. clinal variation
2. Whittaker's five-kingdome classification system was based on 
3. uniformitarianism is?
4. homeosis?
5. which one of these has the longest time period? (paleozoic, cenozoic,mesozoic,phanerozoic,precambrian)

1. gradual change in certain characteristic seen by similar spiecies
2. complexity of the cell and organims and physicology.
3. assumption that since exoplanets also has the basic inorganic material there must be also the possibilty that other organisms are surviving.
4. change in body part placement
5. precambrian

1. Can microevolution cause macroevolution?
2. what does carl sagan's thoery, we are made of star stuff mean?
3. present "forbidden Knowledge has prominetly arisen with regard to?
4. heterochrony is?
5. phenology is?

1. Yes
2. most of atoms of our bodies were produced by the exposion of stars
3. should research be conducted on creation of H5N1 virus
4. studying change in timing of developmen.
5. study of life-cycle of seasonal organisms, see how climate has changed them.

1. miller-ury discharge experiement produced many of the chemicals found in?
2. what is the hypothisized location for life of origin in our planet?
3. differnece between proximate and ultimate causation
4. skull features show in lecture

1. Murchison meteorite
2. submarin hydothermal vents, hot water
3. proximate deals with how things happened and ultimate is why it happened.
4. H. erectus has smaller brain than H. sapienes, everyskull except for H.S. has large brow ridge

what is this?

[image]

1. what is mycorrhizal symbiosis?
2. who is rosalind franklin?
3. what does Anthropocene mean and when is it?
4. who is rachel carson and what is her significance?

1. mutal relationship between plant roots and fungus
2. X-ray photographer who made contributions to choromosome shape
3. man-made, now
4. gave rise to enviormental conservation, DDT,book silent spring

1. When you see islans in the illustration what should you think?
2. what is Heterochronies?
3. Homeosis?
4. When you see graph for the information of nucleotide and amino acid what should you think?

1. Founder's effect
2. timing of development
3. change in body part placement
4. molecular clock

1. throughout history we have seen that sea waters can flucuate by____?

1. hunderds of meters

1. can or can't morphigiocal speices concept reflecet evolution relatedness
2. according to phylogentic tree how many do simliar squences needs to be to become conspecific?

1. Yes it can, it yields many tree
2. 98%

1. radmization
2. Anastomosis  
3. synapomorphies
4. clinal variation
5. homeosis

1. mirror image
2. horizontal transfer of genes
3. triat that is shared by 2 or more group and has to be present in the most recent ancestor
4. gradual change in certain characteristic seen by similar spiecies
5. change in body part placement

1. Heterochronies
2. Homeosis

1. timing of development
2. change in bodypart placement

1. what is the anthropic principle?
2. viedo beyond genesis feature the best people from two sides, who were they?
3. homo Floresiences died when and how big was their brain size?
4. what is dendrochronology?

1. that laws of nature is just right for lufe, big bang, gravity, speed of light, etc..
2. dawkins(evolution) rev. Falwell (creationism)
3. 100,000 years ago, brain size of chimp
4. tree dating goes back to 11 thousands years and it also stores inforamation about temp.

1. Is there a homo sapien that has characteristic of large browridge, tools, sturdy body, and large face?
2. what is homo sapiens sister spices with?
3. what is the characteristic of Australo afrarensis (lucy)?
4. what is the characteristic difference between H. erectus and H. spaiens

1. No
2. chimp, not gorilla
3. stiff foot, bipedal, small brain
4. large brow ridge

[image]

what is this?

what are these tools?

1. [image]

[image]

first one is oldowan

second is aceulean

1. what is mosaic evolution?
2. what does different skin color indicate?
3. by using fossils what can we infer?

1. differnet body parts evolve at differnet rate
2. compromise to enviorment, dar skin protection against U.V. ray and lighter skin, better absorbs the sunlight and produces more Vit D
3. brain size, tool, mosaic evolution

1. what does serial founder effect in humans mean?

1. as you go further from africa there is less genetic diversity.

1. what is the derived characteristics of homines
2. what is an example that feauteres that has evolved at different rate?
3.  As hominins diverged from other primates which appeared first? (reduced jawbone, enlarged brain, stone toolsm bipedalism)

1. bipedal, larger brain
2. bipedalism evolved first
3. bipedal

1. what is a biomes
2. ecology?
3. behavior 
4. sociobiology is?
5. what is a biodeterminist view and marxist nurture view?

1. major life zones characterized by vegetation type in terresrtiral or aquatic
2. scientific study of interaction between organisms and the envionment
3. an action carried out by muscles under control of the nervous system
4. sd
5. biodeterminist Wilson believes that people behvaior can't be improved by education. arxist view is that behaio is not hard-wired by our genes.

1. what is the argument about NS in culture?
2. what themes were eugentics used in?
3. Eugenic was created by what kind of slogan?
4. what is the realtionship between human mate choice and MHC
5. what does we dance to gene's music mean?
6. what is the counter-argument to biodeterminist idea?

1. Dawkins believe that  NS acts on culture but Gould apposes b/c culture is not transmitted in mendalian way. Meme virus is fundamental unit of cultural evolution
2. education, responsibility, patriotism
3. one inheritate two dicremelbe
4. The diverse MHC you mate with someone the better your offspring will be. So negative assortive mating is occuring here
5. genes conclude our behavior
6. The twin study. DNA is not destiny.

1. what is our primary producers in the food web?
2. what is bloomington's terrestrial biomes?
3. what happens when one moves from one tropic level to the next?
4. what is the terrestiral biomes?
5. what is the study of ecology?

1. photosynthetic
2. Temerpate broadleaf forest
3. only 1/10 efficiency, 9/10 of energy is lost
4. soil, vegetation, rainfall
5. study or oragnisms reaction to enrionment

1. what is the outcome of current reproduction?
2. diecious species have sexual dimorphism why? and what is theory is this following?
3. For modeled experiement what is one thing to really keep in mind?
4. brieftly define 5 ecology we have studied

1. current reproduction reduces survival and futhermore reduces the future reproduction
2. the investing of energy to reproduction differs in female and male. diecious species is evidence of NS
3. you can never change one thing
4. organismal: individual, population: 1 speicies community: all speices ecosystem: abotic and biotic conservation: add in value

1. what is a question that can be studied in ecologycal studies?
2. what might population ecology study?
3. what was community evolution and super organism idea about?
4. In the ecosystem ecology what can primary and secondary succesion do?
5. what is gaia hypothesis

1. how an individual will survive in the enviornment
2. make graphs of population fluctuation and population density
3. super organims meaned that there is a realationship between organisms that are living close by, but this idea was over-blown
4. predict the future
5. can't understand the whole by studying only its parts

1. what was Rachel Carson most known for?
2. what is ecosystem service show to us?

1. conservation ecology, created mordern conservation era, concentrating the idea of self-interest.
2. there is value in biology.

1. what does fungi do to take in nutriance?
2. what is the diversity of fungi compared to bacteria and archea?
3. what is mycorrhizal symbiosis? and what organisms has this relationship?
4. what is te main cause of mushroom posining?

1. spread dissolving enzymes to make the food into water soluable product and absorbe
2. much more complex
3. the mutual relatioship between plants and fungi. fungi makes available nutriants, plants and also animals like ants
4. mushrooms look alike

1. what are the morphological characteristics of primates?
2. what is paleoanthropology?
3. what is the date that we consider the last common ancester of hominid?
4. what is the morphological characteristics that paleoznthrolpologiest document of homind?
5. what are some characteristics about lucy?

1. hands and feet for grasping, flat nails, larger brain, shorter jaw, foward-looking eyes, developed parental care, complex social behavior.
2. study of human evolution
3. 6.5- 7.0MYA
4. canine teeth, bipeadality, s
5. bipedal, larger face, browridge, shorter in height

1. what are some characteristics about homo ergaster?
2. what is morphological difference between homo sapiens and homo erectus?
3. when was stone tools first used?
4. what is the evolution of speieces of homo mentioned in lecture?
5. what is reticulate evolution?

1. found in Gerogia, larger brain and tools and symbolic thought
2. brow ridge and forehead
3. 3.4 MYA
4. homo ergaseter-->homo erecturs-->two different homo sapiens and homo neanderthals
5. the hybridzation between two differnet population which is horizontal transfer of genes

1. what is NS seen at its best in humans?
2. what is the probably hypothesis of how homo sapiens aroise?
3. what is the oldes humanoid DNA?
4. will humans now produce separate speices?
5. what is antroposene?
6. what is the nuclear winter hypothesis
7. what was the two bottlenecking event in human history 75,000 years ago

1. skin color
2. homo erctus walked out of africa and interbreed with homo sapiens
3. 1 Million Years
4. No,
5. man made world: present
6. dust will cause cold and dark winter damaging our food chain
7. Toba supervolcano and eugentics

1. what is the positive feedback cycle?
2. what are some indicators of warming world?
3. morphologivally what is the life spane of complex organisms?
4. how is human activity effecting speices?
5. for conserving speices and trying to advoide extinction what should you do?

1. getting hotter and hotter or cooler and cooler
2. glaciers, snowcover (albedo decreasing) temeprature over land, humidity (hot air holds more H2O), tmeperature over oceans, sea surface temperature, sea lever, air temperature, spring coming earliers, tree-lines moving upward,
3. they do not last long
4. human activities are effecting different speices
5. disperse the spieces

1. looking at the fossils how did organisms that were geographycally together survival rate in  extinction? 
2. what is the hypothized causes of the permian extinction?
3. what is believed to be the cause of the createrous extinction?
4. when did the largest extinction in the phanerozoic era happen?
5. why is ice so important for slowing global warming
6. where are most of the methan hydrates stored?

1. generally wiped out
2. siberian traps ( huge volcanic avtivity) , asteriod, methan hydrates
3. methan burp
4. when the sea level was the lowest
5. the white ice has albeto effect which reflects the sun's light
6. In russia and artic

1. what are some scenarios that is potential for mass extinction?
2. Quarteranry or Holocene is name of which era?

1. pandemoc dosease

• supervolcanoes
• Irreversible glaciation
• bolide impact
• supernova explosions
• enviornmental pollutants
• inventions
• nuclear war
• magnetic pole reversal
• pangea

2. present

1. what areas did megafauna extinction happen and why is it so unusally?
2. what is thought to gbe hypothesis of the megafauna extinction?
3. what is the main cause of the 6th mass extinction?
4. what is ground truthing?

1. only northamerica, not global
2. climate change, overkilled by humnas, disease, bolide impact
3. habitat destruction
4. actually physically going and gathering data

1. what is the current physological thinking of earth?
2. what do people think about how organisms will survive this mass extinction?
3. what is 2 possibility that we think might have cause the pre-cambrian extinction?
4. what is the hypothesis that cambrian explosion occured?

1. it is us
2. like past some who has the better gene will servive
3. volcano eruption causing greenhouse effect, continental dirft blocking ocean currents
4. the earth was slushball and it melted nutrient rich glaciers providing fuel for burst of evolution

1. what does the banded iron formation of rocks indicate?
2. what is the schopf fossile and what is the improtance
3. who anouced the endosymbiosis theory?
4. how did oxygen revolution occur?
5. what does regulatory gene do?

1. there was 0xygen producing organims (cynobacteria existed)
2. It is weird looking worms and it is argued to be the oldest fossile
3. Lynn Margulis
4. oxygen was accumulated when soil was made
5. the more regulatory gene you have more diverse you can be,

1. what is thought to be the hypothesis of ancient earth?
2. what is thought to be the 4 stages of chemical evolution

1. primordial soup but had lots of energy eventually allowing gas molecules to link togehter
2. monomers-->polymers-->protobionts (phospolipids)-->heredity

[image]

what are these?

1. what is the molecule that is thought to evoked reaction for the primitive earth?
2. is it possible to yeild organic monomers through abiotic synthesis?
3. what did Mill-Urey experiement conclude
4. what is another hypothesis of creation og polypeptides?

1. UV
2. Yes
3. Abiotic synthesis of creating of polymers can be done using a variety of conditions tat existed on early earth
4. dilute solution of monomers dirped in hot sand and it will create polypeptides

1. what is the rock that has hypothized to have created polymers 
2. what is osmosis?
3. what is thought to be the process of how DNA arose?
4. what is the anthropic principle?

1. montmorillonite
2. selective uptake due to potnintal response to stimuli
3. RNA world--> cells give rise to RNA virus (mimi virus)-->RNA virus give rise to DNA reverse transcripatse-->DNA virous then infecter the RNA world--> DNA became the herediary moelecule of cells
4. laws of nature are just right, so God must have put us here

1. what is the bipeality of A. ramidus and A. afreince
2. what was the conclusion found in the experiment with parental care of natural and step parent
3. the toatal diverenge that is seen in speices of plants is tiny relvative to the divergence present on earth. This is best demonstrated by divergence in?

1. A. ramidus: facultively bipedal A. afrencie: fully bipedal
2. human parental care has evolved to increase fitness
3. rDNA

people to remeber

dawkins

wilson

Gould

Rev.

Lynn

dawkins: evolutionist thought that culutre is an outcome of NS

Wilson: bio-determinst

Gould: evolutionist, but believes that culutre is not NS

Rev. defender of creationism

Lynn: endosymobiotic hypotheses

<pre-cambrian>

Hadean: start of earth 4.5BYA

archean: 3.5BYA prokaryote

proterzoic: oxygen revolution 2.0BYA eukaryote

cambrian expolsion 542 MYA

<phanerzoic>

Paleozoic:colonization of land, permian 252 Pangea

Mezzoic:dinisour creanous mass extinction

cenozoic (Quarterian): homind, pleisocene (ice age) holoecen era (present)