Term
| What is a chromosome and how many do humans have? |
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Definition
| Chromatin condensed into compact structure. Humans have 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs within a cell's nucleus |
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Definition
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| 22 pairs of chromosomes that control traits that do not relate to gender of an individual |
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Term
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Definition
| are the 1 pair that contains the genes that do control gender |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells (body cells) that have 46 (2N) chromosomes are called |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells (sex cells) that have only 23 (N) chromosomes not in pairs are called |
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Definition
| displays all the chromosomes of a person's cell |
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Term
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Definition
| two identical parts that contain same genes (duplicated chromosomes). Held together by centromere |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How is cell cycle controlled? |
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Definition
| Check points and external control |
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Term
| Check points of cell cylce |
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Definition
| can delay cell cycle until certain conditions are met |
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Term
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Definition
| hormones and growth factor |
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Term
| What is the end result of mitosis? |
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Definition
| an exact copy of a diploid cell's nucleus |
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Term
| What cells use mitosis and when? |
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Definition
| Body cells during cell growth and repair |
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Term
| How do the chromosomes line up during mitosis? |
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Definition
| In the middle of the cell, during metaphase |
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Term
| What is the end result of meiosis? |
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Definition
| 4 daughter cells with haploid number of chromosomes |
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Term
| What cells use meiosis and when? |
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Definition
| Used to make eggs and sperm for reproduction |
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Term
| How man divisions are ther in meiosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| How man divisions are ther in meiosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do chromosomes line up in meiosis? |
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Definition
| homologous pairs align independently at the equator |
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Term
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Definition
| During meiosis - exchange of genetic information between non-sister chromatids of the homologous pair during synapsis |
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Term
| Production of sperm and eggs |
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Definition
| Spermatogenesis and oogenesis |
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Term
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Definition
| Continual process after puberty of making sperm in males |
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Term
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Definition
| process of making eggs, 1 egg per month, about 500 over whole cycle |
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Term
| Difference between mitosis and meiosis |
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Definition
growth and repair vs. formation of gametes
body cells vs sex cells
1 division vs 2 divisions
2 identical diploid cells vs 4 different haploid cells |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when both members of a homologous pair go into the same daughter cell during meiosis I or when sister chromatids fail to separate in meiosis II - Individual has too many / too few chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
Monosomy: cell has only 1 copy of a chromosome e.g., Turner syndrome (only one X chromosome)
Trisomy: cell has 3 copies of a chromosome e.g., Down syndrome (3 copies of chromosome 21) |
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Term
| changes in chromosome structure |
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Definition
| deletion, translocation, duplication, inversion |
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Term
| Characteristics of cancer cells |
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Definition
lack differentiation
have abnormal nuclei
unlimited potential to replicate
form tumors
dont need growth factors
gradually become abnormal |
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Term
| 3 phases in development of cancer |
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Definition
1.initiation
2. promotion
3.progression |
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Term
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Definition
| a single cell undergoes a mutation that causes it to divide repeatedly |
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Term
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Definition
| a tumor develops and tumor cells continue to divide and undergo mutations |
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Term
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Definition
| one cell undergoes mutation that gives it a selective advantage over other cells, process repeats and eventually a cell has the ability to invade surrounding tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| code for products that promote the cell cycle and prevent cell death (apoptosis) |
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Term
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Definition
| code for products that inhibit the cell cycle and promote apoptosis |
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Term
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Definition
genetic - brca1 gene
environmental - radiation |
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Term
| what kind of behaviors help prevent cancer |
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Definition
| protective behaviors, good diet |
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Term
| 7 warning signs of cancer |
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Definition
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Term
| standard cancer treatments |
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Definition
| surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, |
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Term
| example of newer cancer therapy |
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Definition
| immunotherapy, p53 gene therapy |
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Term
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Definition
-every fertilization has same chance for a combination as previous
-product rule – the chance of 2 different events occurring simultaneously is equal to the multiplied probabilities of each event occurring separately (look for “and”)
-sum rule – individual probabilities can be added to determine total probability for an event (look for “or”) |
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Term
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Definition
| governed by several sets of alleles that maybe located on different chromosomes (skin color, height) |
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Term
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Definition
| muscular dystrophy, fragile x syndrome, hemophelia, |
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Term
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Definition
| double helix, each strand made of nucleotides, anti parallel, sugar phosphate back bone |
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Term
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Definition
| nucleotids- sugar, phosphate, nitrogen containing base |
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Term
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Definition
| parental dna unwound and unzipped, new nucleotides paired with those in old strands, each new dna has one old and one new strand |
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Term
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Definition
| 4 nucleotides, (A U C G) single stranded |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| messenger rna - carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes in cytoplasm where protein synthesis occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| ribosomal RNA - form ribosomes to manufacture proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| transfer RNA - transfers amino acids to ribosomes where they are bonded together to form proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| transcription and translation |
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Term
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Definition
| a portion of DNA is copied to make an mRNA; in the nucleus of our cells |
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Term
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Definition
| sequence of nucleotides in mRNA is translated into a sequence of amino acids for a protein; in the cytoplasm |
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Term
| regulation of gene expression |
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Definition
| pretranscriptional, transcriptional, posttranscriptional, translational, posttranslational |
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Term
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Definition
| altering DNA in bacteria, viruses, plants, and animal cells through recombinant DNA technology |
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Term
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Definition
| contains DNA from 2 or more different sources |
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Term
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Definition
| organisms that have a foreign gene inserted into them |
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Term
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Definition
| using natural biological systems to create a product or to achieve an end desired by humans |
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Term
| origin of life through chemical evolution - 2 hypotheses |
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Definition
-rna first- only rna might have been needed to form first cells
-protein first - some proteins in the protocell evolved enzymatic ability to synthesize DNA from nucleotides in the ocean |
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Term
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Definition
| made of proteins and lipids. could metabolize by using oceanic organic molecules but could not reproduce |
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Term
| 4 types of evidence to support evolution |
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Definition
1.Fossils in the fossil record
2.Biogeographical evidence
3.Anatomical evidence
4.Biochemical evidence |
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Term
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Definition
–Bipedal posture – walking on 2 feet, hallmark of a hominin
–Humans and apes are thought to have shared a common ape-like ancestor
–Flatter face with more pronounced chin-–Larger brain |
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