Term
| are sequences of nucleotides at specific locations on chromosomes |
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Definition
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Term
| is the process by which the characteristics are passed on to offspring |
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Definition
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Term
a unit of DNA that encodes information needed to produce proteins,cells, and entire organisms
-can be a few hundred to many thousands of nucleotides in length |
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Definition
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Term
| location of a gene on a chromosome is called the ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| human cells contain ____ chromosomes, ____ pairs |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| sequences of nucleotides at specific locations on chromosomes |
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Definition
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Term
| chromosomes carry the same kinds of genes for the same characteristics |
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Definition
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Term
| where are genes for the same characteristics found? |
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Definition
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Term
| pair of chromosomes that contain the same genes |
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Definition
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Term
| will genes for a characteristic found on homologous chromosomes have to identical? |
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Definition
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Term
| alternative versions of genes found at the same gene locus are called? |
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Definition
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Term
| alleles are formed by ______? |
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Definition
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Term
| if a mutation occurs in _____, the cells that become sperm or eggs, then the mutation can be passed on from parent to offspring |
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Definition
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Term
| will an organisms two alleles be the same,different, or either one? |
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Definition
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Term
| each cell carries ____ alleles per characteristic, one on each of the two _____ chromosomes |
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Definition
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Term
| if both homologous chromosomes carry the SAME allele at a given gene locus, the organism is ______ at that locus |
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Definition
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Term
| if two homologous chromosomes carry DIFFERENT alleles at a given locus, the organism is _______ at that locus, also called hybrid |
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Definition
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Term
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–predicts offspring genotypes and phenotypes from combinations of parental gametes
–1.Assign letters to the different alleles of the characteristic under consideration (uppercase for dominant, lowercase for recessive)
2. Determine the possible gametes from both parents
3.Write the gametes from each parent, along each side of a 2 x 2 grid (Punnett square)
4. Fill in the genotypes of each pair of combined gametes in the grid
. Determine the genotypic ratio based on the outcome of the Punnett Square.
6. Based on the which traits are dominant, and which are recessive, calculate the predicted phenotypic ratio
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Definition
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Term
| pea plants were used to find what? |
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Definition
| principals of inheritance |
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Term
| why did they use pea plants? |
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Definition
| pea plant have stames, carpels. and petals that enclose the plants |
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Term
| pea plant part that female produces eggs |
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Definition
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Term
| pea plant part the is male, produces pollen that contain sperm |
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Definition
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Term
| because of their structure, pea flowers naturally _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| pollen from the stamen of a plant transfers to the ____ of the same plant, where the sperm then fertilizes the plant's eggs |
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Definition
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Term
| Mendel was able to mate two DIFFERENT plants b ___________ |
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Definition
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Term
| which parts of the pea plants were dusted with pollen from other selected plants? |
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Definition
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Term
| what was the key to Mendel's success |
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Definition
he chose a simple experimental design
-he chose to study individual traits that had unmistakably differnt forms, (such as white verse purple flowers)
-he started out by studying only one trait at a time |
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Term
| pea plants that are _____ for a particular characteristic always produce the same phenotype |
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Definition
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Term
| if a plant is homozygous for purple flowers, it will always produce offspring with what color flowers? |
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Definition
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Term
| plants that are homozygous for a characteristic are described as _________ |
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Definition
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Term
| the mating of pollen and eggs (from same or different parents) |
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Definition
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Term
| the parents used in a cross are part of the __________ |
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Definition
| parental generation (known as P) |
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Term
| the offspring of the P generation are members of the ______________ |
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Definition
| first filial generation (F1) |
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Term
| offspring of the F1 generation are members of the _____ generation |
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Definition
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Term
| what did Mendel do in his flower color expierament? |
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Definition
| crossed a true-breeding(homozygous) purple flower plant with a true-breeding (homozygous) white-flower plant (the P generation) |
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Term
5.True-breeding organisms have two copies of the ______ allele for a given gene and are homozygous for that gene; hybrid organisms have two _____ alleles for a given gene and are heterozygous for that gene
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Definition
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Term
| particular combination of the two alleles carried by an individual is called?? |
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Definition
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Term
| the physical expression of the genotype is known as the ? |
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Definition
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Term
| used to deduce whether an organism with a dominant phenotype is homozygous or heterozygous |
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Definition
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Term
| MAMMALS have a set of _______ that dictate gender |
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Definition
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Term
| females have two ___ chromosomes |
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Definition
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Term
| sames have a x chromosomes and a ___ chromosome |
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Definition
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Term
| the rest of the (non-sex) chromosomes occur in identical pairs and are called ______? |
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Definition
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Term
| when the heterozygous phenotype is intermediate between the two homozygous phenotypes, the pattern of inheritance is called _____________ |
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Definition
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Term
| a species may have ______ alleles for a given characteristic |
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Definition
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Term
| people make antibodies to the type of glycoproteins they _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| flap that blocks the food from going to your trachea |
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Definition
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Term
| where does chemical digestion begin? |
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Definition
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Term
| what PH is it when the food is in your stomach |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 functions of human digestion: |
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Definition
1. storage chamber
2. mechanical breakdown
3. ? lookup answer |
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Term
| 1-2 inches in diameter, 10 dt long, most digestion and nutrient absorption |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 typees of digestion in small intestine |
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Definition
1)chemical breakdown
2)absorption |
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Term
| breaking bonds between compunds that you just ate |
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Definition
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Term
| what do fat molecules do? |
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Definition
| clump together and form big balls of fat |
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Term
| what produces a compound that aides in the breakdown of fats? |
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Definition
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Term
| breakdown of lipids(fats) |
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Definition
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Term
| largest organ in digestive tract; makes bile |
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Definition
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Term
| breakdown by secretions from liver,pancreas,walls of small intestine itself produces enzymes. |
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Definition
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Term
| lipids are the same things as |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the 2 roles of the pancreas? |
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Definition
-hormones for blood sugar regulation(Ex: insulin)(hormones work in opposite directions)
-digestive pancreatic juices |
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Term
| what are two important things about digestive pancreatic juices? |
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Definition
-the Ph of the juice is important. it is a HIGH(alkaline is another word for hight) ph
-a lot of digestive enzymes |
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Term
| the high ph of the pancreatic juices and the low Ph of the chime that is dumped from your stomach mix together and do what? |
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Definition
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Term
| first role of the small intestine is to? |
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Definition
| chemically breakdown all of the food that you consume |
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Term
| majority of nutrients are absorbed through??? |
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Definition
| walls of the small intestine |
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Term
| if he gives us a multicellular organism thats eukaryotic and feeds by absorption it NOT a animal, it is a ??? ((animals feed by ingestion) |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 things absorption contains is: |
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Definition
| villi and microvilli line the wall of the intestine |
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Term
| where food is taken up into your bloodstream |
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Definition
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Term
| bring oxygen to all of the living cells in the villi. also play a MAJOR ROLE in absorbing nutrients |
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Definition
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Term
| exchangs takes place at??? |
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Definition
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Term
| whatever is not absorbed or chemically digested then moves into a larger tube called the? |
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Definition
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Term
| how big and long is the large intestine? |
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Definition
| 3" in diameter and 5 ft long |
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Term
| large intestine consist of what? |
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Definition
| colon and rectum (last 6" of colon) |
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Term
| the colon has a symbiotic, mutualistic relationship. explain this |
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Definition
| bacteria make vitamins needed by body (B12,thiamin, riboflavin, K) ((somethin about gas)) |
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Term
| final absorption of water and salts occur where? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the result of human digestion? |
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Definition
| semisolid feces that leave rectum and body through anus |
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Term
| what does the gullbladder do? |
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Definition
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Term
| CHAPTER 35 THE URINARY SYSTEM |
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Definition
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Term
| system that is unselective |
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Definition
| digestive system (doesnt matter if its good or bad, it will try to take it in) |
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Term
| restores and maintains the proper internal amount minerals,water,sugar,protein,fat,ect. in the body despite differences in diet |
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Definition
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Term
| blood vessel that moves to the kidney |
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Definition
| renal arteries(check answer) |
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Term
| blood vessel that moves away from the kidney |
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Definition
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Term
| functions of excretory systems: |
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Definition
| all performed simultaneously as blood is selectively filtered by kidneys; water and nutrients returned to blood |
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Term
| 2 functions of the renal arteries (kidneys) |
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Definition
1) take stuff out of the blood
2) put stuff back in the blood at the right concentracion |
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Term
| functions of the excretory systems: |
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Definition
1. excretion of cellular waste products
2. regulation of fluid composition (ions, water, nutrients)
3. secretion of hormones |
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Term
| explain the process of excretion of cellular waste products |
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Definition
| urea+ammonia (predominate waste), toxins, excessive water and nutrients collected by the kidneys and eliminated from body as urine |
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Term
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Definition
| Urea(toxic) removes ammonia (toxic) from blood. Liver converts ammonia to urea and then kidneys filter out urea and other wastes |
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Term
| when proteins and broken down they are recycled and what is a toxic biproduct of that? |
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Definition
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Term
| in the liver, ammonia is combined with CO2 which produces what?? |
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Definition
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Term
| in the KIDNEYS, urea and other water soluable wastes are converted into what? |
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Definition
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Term
vertebrate excretory system:
kidney acts as a |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 main parts to the kidney: |
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Definition
1) renal cortex
2) ???????(where urine will form and funal into the ureter) |
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Term
vertebrate excretory system: (renal system)
kidney acts as the what? and what does that do? |
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Definition
| kidney->ureters (tubes off kidney)->bladder (hollow and muscular,storage of urine)->uretha(urine exits) |
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Term
| **when identifying structures and they ask for the right kidney, it will be to the left of the computer!!!* |
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Definition
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Term
| responsible for the retention of urine |
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Definition
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Term
| where are the 2 sphincter muscles? |
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Definition
| 1 at the base of the bladder and the other just above junction with urethra |
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Term
| how much urine can the average adult hold? (other smaller amounts can trigger the need to go) |
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Definition
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Term
| _____________ sense bladder fullness and trigger reflexive contractions |
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Definition
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Term
2 spjincter muscles:
the top opens _____ when bladder is full |
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Definition
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Term
2 sphincter muscles:
the bottom opens _______ for unrination |
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Definition
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Term
| when both muscles at bladder's base relax, bladder contracts, forcing urine down urethra |
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Definition
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Term
| **ex question: Urine leaves the kidneys via the ______ |
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Definition
a) renal vein
b) bowmans capsule
****c) ureters
d)renal artery |
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Term
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Definition
| paired, bean-shaped organs, 5x3x1 inches, complex organs which resemble dense collection of nephridia(in earthworms) |
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Term
| inside the kidney, it collects urine and funnels it into ureters |
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Definition
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Term
| solid outer portion of the kidney that is made up of at least 1 million ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| nephron has 3 major parts: what are they? |
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Definition
1) blood filter
2) collector for filtrate (fluid filtered from blood)
3) long, twisted tube leads to collecting duct |
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Term
| part of the nephron where filtration occurs |
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Definition
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Term
| anything that is not reabsorbed back into the blood stream (in capillaries) ends up leaving in the form of ?? |
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Definition
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Term
| in the proximal tubule, most water and nutrients are reabsorbed into the blood |
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Definition
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Term
| in the distal tubule, additional wastes are actively secreted into the tubule from blood |
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Definition
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Term
| qUiz: filtration, and tubular reabsorption and secretion during the formation of urine occurs in the: |
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Definition
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Term
| where is ammonia detoxified in your body?? (lookup answer) |
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Definition
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Term
human kidney functions:
when human blood is filtered 350x daily, fine-tuning composition, Kidney failure rapidly leads to death. |
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Definition
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Term
| water balance is regulated by the _____ |
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Definition
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Term
human kidney function:
when 45 gallons of H20 enter nephrons daily, most is reabsorbed, Amount reabsorbed effects (urine concentration) |
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Definition
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Term
| controls how much water is reabsorbed back into the blood. increases the permeability. MORE WATER IS ABSORBED AND LESS WATER ENDS UP IN YOUR URINE. |
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Definition
| antidiuretice hormone (ADH) |
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Term
| is an example of negative feedback |
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Definition
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Term
| made by hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary gland |
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Definition
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Term
| all of your cells are exposed to the ADH but only the cells that make up parts of the ______ respond |
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Definition
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Term
| how much ADH would you find in your bloodstream if you have a lot of water in your body? |
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Definition
| not much because that means you are not dehydrated |
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Term
| **DO NOT HAVE TO KNOW UNRINE FORMATION |
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Definition
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Term
| mammalian excretory systems are adapted to ___________ |
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Definition
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Term
| mammals that live in environments with plenty of water have short loops of _____ that cannot produce concentrated urine(EX: beaver) |
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Definition
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Term
| mammals that live in very dry environments have very long loops of _______ that CAN produce highly concentrated urine(EX: kangaroo rat) |
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Definition
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