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| the way the organism uses the range of physical and biological factors in the organism's environment |
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| animals in which the anus develops before the mouth in the embryo are |
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| several different classes compose a |
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| fish is swimming upstream in darkness, what would be most likely to help the fish sense aquatic predators that approach it from behind? |
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| What best describes feeding habits of sponges? |
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| exchange materials between an embryo and its mother |
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| kingdom containing saprobes with cell walls of chitin |
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| Biodiversity is important to human society because... |
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is a natural resource
provides food and goods
provides medicines |
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| bilateral symmetry allowed for evolution of... |
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| over time, nutrients at the center of a large underground mycelium become depleted, causing new mushrooms to sprout... |
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| in a ring at the outer edges |
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| Domain that contains unicellular organisms that live in extreme environments is... |
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| type of body cavity seen in the roundworms that develops between mesoderm and endoderm layers is... |
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| nitrogen fixation is carried out primarily by |
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| long internal tube that extends from mouth to anus |
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| contains stomach, intestines and liver |
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| a group of cells of the same type that performs a particular function: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nerve |
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| body structures comprised of several different tissues grouped together |
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| group of organs that work together to carry out an important function |
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| bones, skull, cartilage, ligaments |
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| heart, blood vessels, blood |
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| pituitary, adrenal, ductless glands |
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| nerve, sense organs, brain, spinal cord |
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| lungs, trachea, other air passages |
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| lymphocytes, macrophages, thymus, lymph nodes |
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| mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines |
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| kidnesy, bladder, associated ducts |
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| skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles |
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| skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands |
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| testes or ovaries, associated structures |
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protective tissue
ectoderm - outside body covering
mesoderm - body cavity lining
endoderm - lining on hollow inner core of digestive tract |
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Definition
-protect tissues from dehydration and mechanical damage
- provide sensory surfaces
-secrete materials |
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Definition
simple - only one cell layer thick so can exchange materials across of it
stratified - multiple cells thick, provides cushioning and protection
-pseudo stratified - lining respiratory tract, resembles stratified
-cuboidal epithelium - secretory function, forms glands (secretion of hormones, sweat, milk, etc) |
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squamous - flat and wide
cuboidal - cubed shaped
columnar - columns |
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| connective tissue functions |
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Definition
defense
support
storage and distribution |
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| immune cells (white blood cells) |
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Definition
roam body within bloodstream to hunt invading microorganisms and cancer cells
-macrophates - engulf and digest invaders
-lymphocytes - attach virus-infected cells or make antibodies |
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| skeletal connective tissue |
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Definition
| **structure/shape fibrous - made of cells called fibroblasts that secrete structurally strong proteins in spaces between cells (collagen protein) cartilage - firm but flexible due to its configuration of collagen bone - stronger than cartilage because it is coated with calcium phosphate salt, making tissue rigid |
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| storage and transport tissue |
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Definition
adipose tissue - accumulates fat
erythrocytes - red blood cells, transport O2 and CO2 |
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Definition
compact bone - outer layer that is dense and compact
spongy bone - interior of bone with open lattice structure, where red blood cells form
central canal - where bone layers surrond, runs parallel to length of bone |
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1-matrix of collagen fibrils is secreted by cells called osteoblsts
2-fibrils are impregnated by crystals of calcium phosphate mineral called hydroxyapatite
**osteoclasts break down bone and release calcium |
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Definition
| **body movement - have contractive protein fibers called myofilaments which are made up of actin and myosin -smooth=long and spindle shaped cells, organized into sheets of cells, found in areas such as walls of blood vessels and gut, involuntary contractions |
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Definition
| carry info through body -neurons are specialized for transmitting nerve impulses -glial cells are supporting cells that supply neurons with nutrition, support, and insulation |
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Definition
-sensory neurons = carry electrical impulses from body to central nervous system
-motor neurons = carry electrical impulses from body to central nervous system
-association neurons = within central nervous system, act as connectors between sensory and motor neurons |
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Definition
tendons - straps of dense connective tissue that attach muscles to bone
origin - end that is attached to bone that remains stationary during contraction
insertion = muscle attached to bone that moves if muscle contracts
**can only pull due to myofibrils contracting |
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Definition
-attached in opposing pairs: flexors (retract) and extensors (extend)
types of contractors: isotonic - when muscle shortens it contracts and isometric - when muscle does not shorten when it contracts (lifting) |
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Term
| unicellular protists circulatory system and flatworms/cnidarians |
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Definition
oxygen and nutrients obtained directy by diffusion
flatworms and cnidarians have cells that are direction exposed to external environment or to gastrovascular cavity that functions in digestion and circulation |
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Definition
| mollusks and arthropods - no distinction between circulating fluid and fluid of body tissues - combined fluid is hemolymph |
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| closed circulatory system |
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Definition
-blood enclosed within vessels
-arteries carry blood away from heart
-capillaries are thin walled to exchange gases and nutrients
-veins return blood to heart |
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| circulatory system functions (O2 and CO2) |
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Definition
1 - transportation: respiratory (hemoglobin carries O2 for aerobic respiration) transports CO2 for elimination - nutrition, and excretory of metabolic wastes and excess water
2 - regulation: hormones from endocrine glands to targeted organs, maintains body temp
3 - protection: blood clotting, white blood cells |
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| countercurrent heat exchange |
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Definition
| warm blood from heart and cold blood from extremities are close together so warm blood heats the cold blood before it reaches heart |
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| architecture of vertebrate circulatory system |
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Definition
| heart - arteries - arterioles - capillaries - venules - veins - heart |
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| cardiovascular system components |
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Definition
| heart, blood vessels, blood |
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Definition
greatest total cross-sectional area, can open or close based on needs of tissues
-pre-capillary sphincters = contract or relax to affect whether blood flows into capillary bed |
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Definition
expands with pressure caused by contraction of heart, has several layers:
-endothelial cells
- elastic fibers
- smooth muscle
- connective tissue (outermost)
so thick can keep shape even w/out blood |
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Definition
| smaller than arteries, respond to nervous and hormonal stimulation - can constrict and limit blood flow during stress or low temp, not as thick of main wall |
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where oxygen and food is transferred from blood to cells
-narrow thin walls
-cells no more than 100 micrometers from a capillary
-blood pressure is far lower |
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Definition
| return blood to heart, thinner walls because blood pressure is not as great, unidirectional valves prevent flow of blood backwards (damage to these create varicose veins where blood pools), wall collapses w/out blood |
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Definition
collects and recycles lost fluid from cardiovascular system, fluid is called lymph which reenters bloodstream through veins in neck
-blood pressure forces fluid out of capillaries and excess is drained to lymphatic capillaries (if not returned creates edema aka swelling) |
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| functions of lymphatic system |
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Definition
returns proteins to circulation
transports fats absorbed from intestine
aids in body's defense: lymph nodes and spleen are where bacteria and dead cells are destroyed, thymus produces white blood cells |
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Definition
-metabolites and wastes (glucose, vitamins, hormones)
-salts and ions (sodium, chloride, bicarbonate)
proteins (keep water in plasma, antibodies, globulin, fibrinogen)
**serum albumin functions in maintaining osmotic balance |
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Term
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Definition
-plasma
-platelets - bits of cytoplasm of bone marrow cells called megakaryocytes - no nucleus - key role in blood clotting
-erythrocytes (red blood cells that resemble flat disks with central depression on both sides, packed with hemoglobin, short lived due to no nucleus)
-leukocytes (white blood cells, contain no hemoglobin) |
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Term
| amphibian and reptile circulation |
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Definition
-gills provide fully oxygenated blood to body but circulation is sluggish
-only one ventricle (pulmonary delivers blood to lungs and systemic delivers to rest of body)
amphibian - atrium divided into two chambers by a septum, conus arteriosus is partially separated by another septum |
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| bird/mammal circulatory system |
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Definition
| -four chambered heart -oxygenated blood from lungs - left atrium through pulmonary veins - left ventricle through bicuspid - into aorta -returns to heart through superior vena cavae (drains upper body) and inferior vena cavae (drains from lower body) then to right atrium through tricuspid valve to right ventricle then through pulmonary valve into pulmonary arteries that lead to lungs |
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Term
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Definition
lub - sound made by closing of bicuspid and tricuspid valve at start of venticular contraction
dub - sound made by closing of pulmonary and aortic valves at end of centricular contraction
-heart murmur = due to valves not fully closing |
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Definition
diastolic - low pressure when atria are filling
systolic - high pressure associated with ventricles contracting |
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Definition
-atria contract followed by ventricles (sinoatrial node in right atrium is where heartbeat originates)
-signal goes from atria to ventricles through atrioventricular node, which delays signal for about .1 second until the atria have finished contracting |
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Term
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Definition
| -heart attack/myocardial infarction - caused by insufficient supply of blood to heart muscle -angina pectoris - chest pain that is warning sign for H.A. -stroke is caused by interference with blood flow to brain -atheroscleroris is accumulations of fatty materials on inner surfaces of artery, narrowing interior -arterioscleroris - hardening of arteries when calcium is deposited in arterial walls |
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Definition
uptake of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide
-most primitive respire through diffusion
-more advanced respire through organs |
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Definition
-water always moves past gills in one direction, which is opposite of blood flow (countercurrent flow)
-efficient way of extracting oxygen because blood always encounters water with higher O2 concentrations |
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Term
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Definition
-amphibians respire through moist skin as well as lungs
-reptiles respire only through lungs that have many small chambers to increase surface area
-mammals - respire through lungs, have alveoli (small chambers in interior of lung) that increase surface area and bronchioles (short passageways connecting clusters of alveoli |
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Definition
**most efficient system
-air flows through lungs in one direction to create no dead volume (air is always mostly oxygenated) and a crosscurrent flow |
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| Mammal respiratory system |
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Definition
| nasal cavity-pharynx-larynx-trachea-bronchi-bronchioles-alveoli (where gas exchange with blood occurs) |
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Term
| how lungs function (inhalation) |
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Definition
| -outer covering of lungs has a pleural membrane that sticks to lining of thoracic cavity -negative pressure created to inflate lungs -inhalation: chest cavity expands, when air pressure outside lungs exceeds that within lungs, air flows inward to fill lungs |
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Definition
| -oxygen piggybacks on hemoglobin (contains iron which combines with O2) -CO2 combines to enzyme carbonic anhydrase to form carbonic acide whihc dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen - protein moves one bicarbonate out of red blood cell and brings in one chloride ion (chloride shift) - facilitates diffusion of more CO2 into red blood cells |
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Definition
-hemoglobin holds and releases nitric oxide into tissues
-NO causes dilated blood vessels to regulate blood flow and pressure |
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Definition
| contains more carbohydrates than fats and a significant amount of protein |
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Definition
| obtained from cereals, grains, breads - contain about 4.1 calories per gram |
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Definition
| found in oils, margarine, and butter - fried foods, meats, and processed snack foods = about 9.3 calories per gram, recommended in small amounts for its high energy levels |
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Definition
| poultry, fish, meat, and grains - about 4.1 calories per gram |
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Definition
| standard measure of appropriate body weight - body weight in kg divided by height in meters squared |
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| Dietary needs aside from energy |
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Definition
-humans are unable to synthesize 8 amino acids so must obtain from food
-trace elements = small amount of minerals
-vitamins = organic substances in trace amounts |
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Definition
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| flatworm and cnidarian digestive system |
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Definition
| -gastrovascular cavity = single opening for both mouth and anus, every cell is exposed to food in this cavity - no specialization |
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Term
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Definition
digestive tract with separate mouth and anus
-permits specialization
-food transport is one way
-food is broken down by physical forces, then through chemical digestion, products absorbed into blood, products not absorbed are excreted |
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| vertebrate digestive system |
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Definition
-consists of gastrointestinal tract and organs
-tubular tract is composed of layers: mucosa (epithelium), submucosa (connective tissue), third is double layer of muscle tissue, outer layer is serosa (connective tissue) |
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Term
| Carnivore and Herbivore digestive system |
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Definition
have long convoluted intestines (more surface area) as well as chambers where microorganisms can digest cellulose
-carnivore has shorter intestines |
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Term
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Definition
| -break down food with teeth or rocks (in bird crops) -homodont dentition (teeth are same)-reptiles and fish -heterodont dentition (specialized types of teeth)=incisors (chisel-shaped nipping teeth), canines (sharp, pointed teeth for tearing), and premolars/molars (grinding) -tooth is living organ:enamel, dentin, pulp, gingiva, bone, cemetum, root canal (nerve and blood vessels) |
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Term
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Definition
-esophagus=connects pharynx to stomach, 1/3 muscle is skeletal muscle for voluntary, rest is involuntary which have rhythmic waves (peristalsis)
-sphincter - prevents food from moving backwards, smooth muscle
-stomach = sac containing smooth muscle for food churning and gastric juice |
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Term
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Definition
-has pH of 2
-hydrochloric acid (secreted by parietal cells)
-pepsinogen (secreted by chief cells)
-denatures protein into short chains of polypeptides
-chyme is partially digested food and gastric juices |
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Term
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Definition
overproduction of gastric acid eats hole through wall of stomach (lower area of alkaline mucus)
-helicobacter pylori bacteria infection increases susceptibility |
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Term
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Definition
| -small amounts of chyme at a time so acid can be neutralized -carbs, protein, and lipids are broken down and absorbed -primary digestive organ -jejunum, after duedenum, where digestion continues -Ileum, where water and products are absorbed -lining is folded into ridges covered by villi which are covered by microvilli |
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Term
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Definition
-bile salts are secreted into duodenum by liver
-acts like detergents in small intestine to make droplets of fat (emulsification)
-droplets increase surface area so lipase enzyme can break down fat |
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Term
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Definition
-shorter than small but wider diameter
-no digestion (absorbs a small amount of fluid)
-compacts and stores undigested material as feces |
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Term
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Definition
secretes fluid through pancreatic duct into duodenum
-contains trypsin and chymotrypsin (digest proteins), pancreatic amylase (digest polysaccharides), and lipase (digest fats) |
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Term
| accessory digestive organs |
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Definition
| -pancreas = secretes bicarbonate to neutralize the HCl from stomach -islets of langerhands - in pancreas, secretes hormones (insulin and glucagon) -liver - largest internal organ, produces bile (aid in fat digestion) and stores in gallbladder, metabolize alcohol and other drugs, removes or convert toxins into less toxic forms -veins - carry blood from stomach and intestine to liver |
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Term
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Definition
dynamic constancy of internal environment
-conditions fluctuate continuously within a narrow limit |
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Term
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Definition
| -sensors = measure each condition of internal environment -integrating center = receives info from sensors, compares sensor info to set point (proper value for internal condition) and messages effector to increase or decrease activity -effectors = muscles or glands that can change value of condition back toward set point -negative feedback loop |
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Term
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Definition
| -endothermic = maintain relatively constant body temp -ectothermic = body temp depends on environment temp, behavior modifications to affect body temp |
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Term
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Definition
-after a meal, glucose increases and insulin regulates, excess glucose stored in liver and muscles as glycogen
-between meals: glucose levels decrease, hormone glucagon stimulates liver to convert to glucose
-adrenaline also stimulates breakdown of glycogen |
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Term
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Definition
| -osmoregulation = regulating of body's osmotic composition -contractile vacuoles = water and metabolic wastes are collected by endoplasmic reticulum and pass through feeder canals into vacuole, expelled through a pore -protonepridia - in flatworms to expel fluids and wastes from body - protonephridia branch through body into flame cells |
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Term
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Definition
-excretory organs in vertebrates
-filtration of blood, received from a renal artery to produce urine
-urine goes from kidney through ureter into urinary bladder then out body through urethra
-renal tissue: renal cortex (outer tissue) and renal medulla (inner tissue) |
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Term
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Definition
-pressure filtration
-reabsorption of water
-selective reabsorption
-tubular secretion
-further reabsorption of water |
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Term
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Definition
| -skeletal muscle = move bones of skeleton, one very long fiber of cells, abundance of contractive protein fibers, has striations, voluntary muscles -cardiac muscles=chains of single cells that are interconnected to form latticework, not as orderly striated, involuntary muscles - each cell coupled by gap junctions that allow electrical signals between cells to cause heart pulsation |
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Term
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Definition
| 1-cell body = nucleus 2-dendrites = extensions that act like antennae to receive impulses 3-axon = single, long extension which carries nerve impulses away from body **separated by tiny gaps called synapses, communicate by sending neurotransmitters across these gaps |
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Term
| how lungs function (exhalation) |
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Definition
| -exhalation - ribs and diaphragm return to original position which puts pressure on lungs and causes air pressure to become greater inside lungs than outside so air is expelled -tidal volume = a typical breath at rest moves about .5 liters of air -residual volume = air left in lungs after breath is complete |
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Term
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Definition
| -mouth - tongue mixes food with saliva to moisten, lubricate, and start breakdown process with salivary amylase -swallowing: series of events, epiglottis prevents from going down air tube |
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Term
| regulating water content continued |
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Definition
| -nephridia (in annelids) = system of tubules that open both to inside and outside of body - under pressure, NaCl removed by reabsorption, urine excreted -malpighian tubules = in insects, waste molecules and K are added to tubules by secretion, causes water to enter tubules by osmosis where it is reabsorbed leaving wastes - |
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