Term
|
Definition
-segmentation
-breathe through their skin
-filter-feeding worms
ex: leeches - release anti-coagulant |
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Term
|
Definition
-insects, crabs, spiders, ticks, scorpions, etc.
-exoskeleton
*shell made of chitin
-jointed appendages
*consequence of segmentation
-tagmatization
-OPEN circulatory system
-breathe thru gills, book lungs, spiracles
-compound eyes & ocello
-PROTOSTOMES
-metamorphosis
-3 groups |
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Term
|
Definition
-taken segments clumped together & fused back
-partial loss of segmentation |
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Term
| Gills, Book Lungs & Spiracles |
|
Definition
1. those that live underwater
2. those that live on land; hole in bottom of abdomen leading up to hole & book pg-like lungs
3. holes in body on sides |
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Term
|
Definition
-crustacea: includes barnacles
-miriapods: millipedes & centipedes
*m: harmless, veggies, 2 pairs/segment
*c: venemous & do bite, 1 pair/segment
-arachnids: spiders, ticks, scorpions |
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Term
|
Definition
*starfish, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers
-endoskeleton
*skeleton inside body, analogous feature with humans, calcium carbonate
-NO circulatory system!
-breathe thru "gills" on skin
-water vascular system
-DEUTEROSTOMES
-detritivores: eat detritis; junk in sand
-tube feet & pedicellarie
*TF: suckers
*P: like tiny little pinchers |
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Term
|
Definition
| -system of water-filled tubes that open the outside which operates little feet which are hollow & fill with water |
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Term
|
Definition
*turnicates, lancelets, vertebrates
-dorsal, hollow nerve cord
-postanal tail
-pharyngeal gill slits
-notochord:
*what's left are disks
-ONLY DEUTEROSTOME PHYLA |
|
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Term
|
Definition
*roots within chordates
-urochordata
-cephalochordata
-vertebrata |
|
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Term
|
Definition
*sea squirts or tunicates, like sponges
-free-swimming larvae, look lk tadpoles
-sessile adult phase:
*stick onto something & dont move
-filter-feeders:
*2 openings where water goes in then out |
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Term
|
Definition
*lancelets, which look more like us than urochordates
-free-swimming, like sardines
-burrow into mud with mouth sticking out to suck in food |
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Term
|
Definition
-50,000 species
-vertebrate craniates |
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Term
|
Definition
-the first skulls composed of fibrous plates
-mineralization of skeletal elements with calcium phosphate
-contains vertebrates & hagfishes |
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Term
|
Definition
-fibrous cranium but no vertebrae
-eel-like marine fish
-feed on dead and dying fish
-produce slime as a defense |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-possess vertebrae
-semicircular canals:
*ability to tell you're spinning around due to these
-heart under nervous control
-spleen & pancreas |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-no jaws but tooth-like structures in mouth
-marine as adults
-feed on blood of fish & whales
-jaws first came from skeletal rods |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-about 450 mys
-jaws derived from the supports of the pharyngeal gills
-hemoglobin: first to have red blood
-cartilagenous fish & bony animals |
|
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Term
|
Definition
*sharks, skates, stingrays
-1,000 species
-most are marine predators
-teeth derived from scales
*skin looks like tiny teeth on a piece of leather
*grow teeth in rows that pop off during lifetime |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-about 400 mya
-25,000 species, biggest group of vertebrates
-endochondral bone, first real bone skull
-more complete cranium, more protective skull
-swim bladder filled with gas |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-coelacanth
-only extant species, only one that still exists
-first to acquire tooth enamel
-monobasal limbs
-used those limbs to get out of water
*mudskipper only fish you can drown |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-the first tetrapods, 400 mya
-moist skins
-tied to water for reproduction
-3-chambered heart
-use lungs, gills, skin to breathe |
|
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Term
|
Definition
1. frogs
2. salamanders: some big enough to eat ducks
3. caecilians: 2 ft worms in tropics & damp environments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-reptiles (including birds) & mammals
-300 mya
-broke ties with water
*waterproof epidermis
*amniotic egg (reptiles)
-in mammals, amniotic sac |
|
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Term
|
Definition
1. anapsid: no temporal holes (turtles)
2. synapsid: one temporal hole (mammals)
3. diapsid: two temporal holes (birds & reptiles) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-first amniotes
-300 mya
-turtles, lizards, snakes, crocs, dinos, birds |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-first found in 1861
-150 mya
-first dinosaur-to-bird fossil found
-reptile features:
*toothed beak
*claw on wing
*long tail
*still had feathers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-no teeth on beaks
-feathers: thought to have been acquired to warm up
-warm-blooded: 4-chambered hearts
-build nests like fossil nests found by dinosaurs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-200 mya
-main feature: hair
-produce milk
-4-chambered hearts
-single jawbone
-auditory ossicles
*last two are fossilized that we can tell are mammals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. monotremes: egg-layers
2. metatherians: marsupials
3. eutherians: placentals |
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Term
| Metatherians & Eutherians |
|
Definition
*Echidna:
-hatch from egg & crawl into pouch
*Platypus:
-only venemous mammal; eggs too
Metatherians= short gestation & long lactation
Eutherians= long gestation & short lactation; not super short by shorter than metatherians |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-evolved 55 mya
-grasping hands
-color vision (trichromatic)
-binocular vision (depth perception)
-larger, more complicated brains
-most are very social |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-worldwide, we are losing 50,000 species a yr: 3/hr
*most will go extinct before we even know they exist
-wildlife numbers have dropped about 1% a year
-mostly anthropogenic (human exacerbated) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-limited geographical range
*not alot of other places to live or none at all
-narrow ecological niche
*what they eat: if it disappears, so do they |
|
|
Term
| Examples of Exacerbating Factors |
|
Definition
*Devil's hole pupfish
-tough time living near farmland; run-off water polluted
*San Marcos River:
-TX wild rice, SM gambrosia, SM salamander
-something happens to the river, they all disappear |
|
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Term
|
Definition
*anthropogenic
-hunting/sporting
-overfishing
-habitat loss
-environmental poisons
-community changes
-invasive species
-introduced disease
-climate change |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Atlantic Cod
-Bison
-Dodo Bird
-Great Auk
-Moa
-California Condor
-Haast's Eagle
-Western Black Rhino
-Blue Whale |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Bald Eagle
-Peregrine Falcon
-Black-footed Ferret
*incidental poisoning |
|
|
Term
| 6 Tactics Used vs. Vaccination |
|
Definition
1. Doubt the science
2. Question the motives and integrity of scientists
3. Magnify disagreements between scientists & cite gadflies as sources
4. Exaggerate potential harm
5. Appeal to personal freedom
6. Acceptance repudiates key philosophy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Doubt the science
-virtually no scientific evidence that evolution exists
-"no transitional fossils"
-many evolutionists believe mutation is through mechanisms
-obession with mechanism:
*"until a mechanism is found, evolution can only be accepted by blind faith" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
2. Question the motives and integrity of scientists
-at the heart of much opposition is the assertion that evolutionary science is motivated by atheistic philosophy
-Evolution compared to TERRORISM |
|
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Term
|
Definition
3. Magnify disagreements between scientists & cite gadflies as sources
-scientist seek to understand mechanisms
-testing alternative hypotheses
-technical disagreements mislabeled as disagreement over fact evolution has occurred |
|
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Term
|
Definition
4. Exaggerate potential harm
-"evolution has created mindset in many of our young people that life lacks purpose...just survival of toughest"
-Nazi's & WWII:
*"Darwin's notion that evolutionary progress occurs mainly as a result of the elimination of the weak in the struggle for survival." |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
5. Appeal to personal freedom
-teaching of evolution in public schools is frequently viewed as an assault upon the religious freedom of those who oppose it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
6. Acceptance repudiates key philosophy
-"We must reject evolution because it denies the Bible/God/salvation"
-Opposing viewpoint:
*"God doesnt just make the world...he makes the world make itself...biblical literalism hinders people from seeing & responding to these truths..." |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -some biological structures are too complex to have evolved in a step-wise fashin under natural selection and therefore they must have been "designed" by an "Intelligent Designer" aka God |
|
|
Term
| Causes of Society Collapse |
|
Definition
-environmental change
-climate change
-hostile neighbors
-friendly neighbors
-societal response to problems |
|
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Term
|
Definition
*myth of stewardship by primitive societies
-Ontario: native tribes would hunt with old-school weapons & now using new technology but still claiming they should be able to hunt |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-fungal disease killing off frogs
-attacks & destroys skin
-can be treated on individual basis
-dont know how it's spreading |
|
|
Term
| Causes of decline in frogs |
|
Definition
-climate change=habitat loss
-HL also anthropomorphic (construction)
-pollution: hormones, pesticides & fertilizer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-medicinal purposes
-indicators
-environmental buffers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-now H1N1 virus
*h=hemagluttinin & n=neurom...
-different surface proteins
*diff. proteins give diff. qualities
-high rate of mutation
*no proofreading system
*could become resistant & no immunity
-kills those who usually survive normal flu & is highly transmissable |
|
|
Term
| New Environmental Risk Factors |
|
Definition
-climate change
-pollution
-energy changes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-earth's climate changes cyclically & randomly
*random droughts
*Indonesian volcanic eruption of 1815
*Little Ice Age of 1400s
-"Global Warming" doesnt mean all areas of earth will get warmer
-even bigger problems for primitive societies |
|
|
Term
| Hostile Neighboring Societies |
|
Definition
-tax societal resources
*US defense budget: $500 billion +/yr
-triggered by bad environmental conditions
*tradeoff between defense & survival |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-least predictable asset
-often dependent upon political & cultural values
-deforestation problems in New Guinea, Japan, Easter Island, Greenlanders
*New Guineans & Japanese solved problems
*realized overcutting timber & stopped
*EI'rs and GL'rs vanished |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-South Pacific
-volcanic
-"discovered" by Dutch on Easter day 1722
-small: about 60 sq. miles
-extremely isolated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Moai carved by hand from volcanic tuff
*red crowns (pukao) of scoria (VT also)
*coral eyes w/obsidian pupils
-erected on stone platforms called Ahu
*contained cremated remains
-Size:
*Moai: about 80 tons
*Ahu: about 9,000 tons
-carved in volcanic crater Rano Raraku |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-no plants larger than small bush
-no wild animals larger than insects
-only domestic animals were chickens |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-settled every habitable island in Southern Pacific by 1200 AD
-originally believed they were settled by lost fishermen
-clearly not true
*settling required import of domestic animals
*islands were settled from east to west but winds blew in other direction
*a boatful of men wouldnt work, they needed women |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-shortly before 900 AD
-originally farmed
*Taro, yams, bananas, sugarcane
-chickens, native birds, fish
-dolphins: had to be caught by big seaworthy boats and harpoons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-20,000-30,000 people
-divided island up into 10-12 territories ruled by different large clans (like pie graph)
-each territory had some unique features
*Rano Raraku crater
*Obsidian quarries
*Scoria quarry
*Mulberry forest
-territories had to be integrated
*sharing/trading resources |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-windy
-cold
-dry
-poor soils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-the major "hobby" on the island
-biggest problem AND activity
-so isolated = nothing else to do
-extra work increased food budget of the island by 25%
-required large trees for transport & to make rope from |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Easter Island used to be covered in dense, subtropical forest
-all 17 original species extinct by 1600
-NO:
*transport of Moai
*firewood
*wooden shelters
*cremations
*fruit
*dolphin meat
*rope
*boats (no fishing)
*escape (couldnt leave) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-no native species of land birds still exist
*bones of at least 6 species
-at least 25 species of nesting seabirds
*richest seabird nesting site in S. P.
*almost all gone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-RATS
-INSECTS
-sparse crops & few chickens
-PEOPLE!
*ppl dug up rotted bodies since they couldnt cremate them anymore |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-little food
-trapped without boats
-starving islanders stopped making Maoi
*turned to knock down neighbor's Moai
-first Europeans described remaining Easter Islanders as small, starving & pathetic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-series of smallpox epidemics brought by Europeans
*along with other diseases
*several outbreaks over 20-30 yrs
-slave raids by Peruvians until late 1800s
*decided to take them back and they took smallpox back with them |
|
|
Term
| Why did Easter Island become deforested? |
|
Definition
-many small populated islands have rich forest
-dry and cool
*short growing season & grew slowly
-little dust and ash fallout
*poorer soils -> beyond Andesite line
-extremely isolated
*could not go & get other resources
-small land area
*less forest & less resources in general
-low altitudes -> less rainfall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*most advanced society in Americas
-seasonal tropical forest
-wet/dry seasons
-highly variable rainfall
*some yrs really good & really bad
-built reservoirs that held 1-2 yrs of water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-worst drought in recorded history dating back to 790 AD (7,000 yrs)
-collapse of Mayan society between 800-900 AD
-triggered wars for resources & revolts by commoners |
|
|
Term
| Main components of Mayan collapse |
|
Definition
-uncontrolled populaton growth
-deforestation in hillsides
-warfare over scarce resources
-extreme drought beg. in 760 AD
-nobles were more interested in maintaining their extravagant lifestyles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-1/3 of world's humans: 1.3 billion
-fastest growing economy
-A LOT of environmental problems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-mandatory limits on population growth
-human impact is growing in spite of this
*household size dropped from 4.5 to 3 people per household in past 20 yrs
*per capita floor area/house tripled |
|
|
Term
| International connections |
|
Definition
-imports
*garbage
*polluting industries
-exports
*invasive species
*emigrants (adding on to poll. probs)
*air pollutants
*deforestation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-appeared in the Rift Valley in East Africe
-split from line leading to chimps 7 mya
-first recognizable humans 5 mya
-much larger brains
-bipedalism: walking on 2 feet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -between 4 mya and 2 mya, the community of hominids in Africa grew |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-australopithecus
-paranthropus
-kenyanthropus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Australopithecus afarensis
-3 million years old
-found in Ethiopia in 1974
-about 3 1/2 ft tall
-probably responsible for Laetoli trackway |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-2.5-3 mya
-Australopithecus (homo) habilis
-increased hunting ability dramatically |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-130 tya
-Europe & Asia
-very large brain (10% larger)
-very robust
-DNA 99.7% identical to Homo sapiens
-disappeared 24 tya |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-discovered in Indonesia in 2003
-3 ft tall
-present until at least 12 tya
-controversial |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-200 tya
-arose in East Africa
-left Africa at least 50 tya
-reached Americas at least 25 tya |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Age of Universe: 14 bya
-Age of Earth: 4.567 bya
-1st life: 4 bya
-Animalia: 700 mya
-Chordata: 550 mya
-Tetrapods: 400 mya
-Mammalia: 200 mya
-Primates: 55 mya
-Hominidae: 5 mya
-Genus Homo: 3 mya
-Species sapiens: 200 tya |
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