Term
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Definition
| a change in the frequency of an inherited character from one generation to the next |
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Term
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Definition
| non-random mating; choose your mate |
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Term
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Definition
| selection that favors heterozygotes |
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Term
| negative assortative mating |
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Definition
| individuals that mate with individuals UNLIKE them |
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Term
| positive assortative mating |
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Definition
| individuals mate with individuals LIKE them |
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Term
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Definition
| differential survival and reproduction of individuals based on genes and phenotypes |
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Term
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Definition
| selection that favors ONE homozygous genotype at a time |
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Term
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Definition
| favors BOTH homozygous genotypes |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to survive and reproduce |
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Term
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Definition
| a characteristic of an organism that has been or is currently under the influence of natural selection |
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Term
| how to measure genetic variation |
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Definition
| by how many individuals or different alleles are in a population |
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Term
| 5 micro-evolutionary forces |
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Definition
| mutation, sexual selection/non-random mating, natural selection, gene flow, genetic drift |
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Term
| hardy-weinberg (h-w) equilibrium theory |
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Definition
| a mathematical theory that predicts genotype frequencies from observed allele frequencies |
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Term
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Definition
| to test for evolutionary change |
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Term
| assumptions of h-w theory |
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Definition
| there are no micro evolutionary forces acting upon it |
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Term
| frequency dependent selection |
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Definition
| the fitness of a particular genotype depends on its frequency in the population |
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Term
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Definition
| when one species evolves into many species in a short time period, usually in response to open ecological niches |
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Term
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Definition
| the movement of individuals from one population to another with mating (allele flow); can change frequencies |
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Term
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Definition
| seasonal movements of populations from one geographic locality to another |
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Term
| lots of gene flow means.... |
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Definition
| population prevented from becoming genetically different, therefore it prevents speciation |
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Term
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Definition
| populations can become genetically different; can cause speciation |
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Term
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Definition
| sampling error in the production of zygotes from a gene pool; allele frequencies are more stable |
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Term
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Definition
| not adaptive, decreases frequency of heterozygotes, reduces genetic variation, big problem in small populations |
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Term
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Definition
| sever reduction in population size with loss of genetic variation. ex - elephant seals, bison, cheetahs |
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Term
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Definition
| when a small number of individuals start a new population; small genetic variation. ex - the amish of lancaster county |
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Term
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Definition
| there is a reduction in fitness associated with the increased expression of harmful recessive alleles |
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Term
| effective population size (Ne) |
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Definition
| the avg number of individuals in a population that contribute genes equally to the next generation, usually smaller than the actual population size |
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Term
| neutral theory of molecular evolution |
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Definition
| beneficial mutations are very rare; most have little or no effect on fitness (3rd codon postion); the frequency of a neutral allele in population is determined by genetic drift only |
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Term
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Definition
| if the most mutations are neutral, then the rate of molecular evolution should be constant over time, ticking along like a clock; can use to predict time since divergence |
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Term
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Definition
| the evolution of new species and higher groups; evolution above the levels of populations; over very long time periods. ex - horses and whales. |
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Term
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Definition
| species evolve by the accumulation of many small changes over a long time period ~ Darwin thought this |
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Term
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Definition
| speciation is rapid and is followed by long periods of stasis (no change) |
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Term
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Definition
| change within a lineage; 1 species at start, 1 different at end |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 species to start, 2 different species at end |
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Term
| biological species concept |
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Definition
| "species are groups of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups" -ernst mayr |
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Term
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Definition
| when populations of organisms cannot interbreed and produce infertile or inviable offspring; arises as a product of genetic change |
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Term
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Definition
| mating or zygote formation is prevented |
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Term
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Definition
| species do not breed at the same time |
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Term
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Definition
| different mating behaviors prevent different species from mating |
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Term
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Definition
| if species live in different environments; they never meet |
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Term
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Definition
| sometimes the parts just don't fit together (lock & key) |
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Term
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Definition
| mating occurs but offspring are sterile/inviable |
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Term
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Definition
| ranges do not touch or overlap significantly; no gene flow b/c isolation by distance; probably most common. Ex - shrimp |
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Term
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Definition
| ranges touch but do not overlap significantly; hybrid zone forms where ranges meet; gene flow usually small. ex - orioles |
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Term
| parapatric speciation is what kind of selection? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| new species formed when chromosomes # in hybrid doubles, allowing hybrids to mate with other similar hybrids but not with parent species ~ reproductively isolated from parents |
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Term
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Definition
| fossil records show at least 20 large scale extinction events; flip side of speciation; loss of species diversity which leads to adaptive radiation |
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Term
| Permian-Triassic Extinction |
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Definition
| about 25 mya, the biggest. a comet or asteroid impact probably. 95% of species extinct |
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Term
| Cretaceous-Tertiary Extinction (K-T) |
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Definition
| about 64 mya; caused by asteroid impact in the Gulf of Mexico; extinction of dinosaurs |
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Term
| primary cause of extinction |
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Definition
1. extraterrestrial impact
2. changes in ecology |
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Term
| King Philip Came Over Fiona's Girly Self |
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Definition
| Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species |
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Term
| Linnaean Hierarchical Classification System |
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Definition
| organisms in the same groups are more closely related to each other than to organisms in different groups |
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Term
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Definition
| a tree showing evolutionary relationships and history of a group of organisms. close branches mean close evolutionary relationships |
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Term
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Definition
organisms are similar b/c they are closely related
ex - blue jay, stellar jay, scrub jay, grey jay |
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Term
| convergent evolution (analogy) |
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Definition
| organisms are similar b/c they evolved the same characteristics independently through natural selection as adaptations to the same selective forces |
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Term
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Definition
| a change in allele frequencies of one species in response to change in a another species |
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Term
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Definition
structures that have lost their original function
ex - appendix, leg bones in pythons & fossil whales |
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Term
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Definition
"throwbacks" - genes present but normally turned off
ex - horse toes, hind limbs in dolphins, superhumary nipples |
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Term
| rapid evolutionary change - example |
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Definition
| antibiotic and pesticide resistance |
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Term
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Definition
| the group of closely related species you are studying |
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Term
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Definition
| closely related species that is not part of the in-group |
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Term
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Definition
| a character found in the in-group and in the out-group OR found only in the out-group |
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Term
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Definition
| a character that is shared by 2 or more members of the in-group but NOT with the out-group |
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Term
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Definition
| a character only found in one species |
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Term
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Definition
| an evolutionary transition from one state to the next |
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Term
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Definition
| the simplest explanation is the best explanation |
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Term
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Definition
| primitive reptiles called Therapsids |
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Term
| important characteristics of mammals |
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Definition
| -warm blooded/endothermic -mammary glands and milk to nourish young -4 chambered heart -well developed brain -specialized teeth -sweat glands -3 middle ear bones used in hearing |
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Term
| defining characteristics of mammals |
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Definition
-hair made of keratin
-neocortex region of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| adapted for grabbing/holding onto something |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 3 main lineages of mammals |
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Definition
| monotremes, marsupials, placental |
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Term
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Definition
| platypuses & echidnas; only living mammals that lay eggs |
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Term
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Definition
| young develop in marsupium (pouch); greatest diversity found in australia |
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Term
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Definition
| (eutharian). developing embryo nourished by a placenta inside mother's uterus |
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Term
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Definition
-all (but humans) have big toe separated from others
-opposable thumb
-binocular (stereoscopic) 3D vision
-large brains, short jaws
-flat nails on fingers and toes; no claws |
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Term
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Definition
| lemurs, lorises, pottos, tarsiers of Asia, Africa and Madagsacar (Old World) |
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Term
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Definition
| monkeys, apes and humans of Old and New Worlds |
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Term
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Definition
| new world monkeys, old world monkeys and great apes |
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Term
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Definition
| prehensile tail, all species arboreal, nostrils open to the side |
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Term
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Definition
| no prehensile tail, arboreal and terrestrial, nostrils open downward |
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Term
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Definition
| no tail, arboreal and terrestrial, large body size, nostrils open downward |
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Term
| humans and chimps diverged... |
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Definition
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Term
| history of primates go back... |
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Definition
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Term
| old world monkeys are most closely related... |
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Definition
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Term
| australopithecus is most closely related... |
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Definition
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Term
| the tarsier is more closely related... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| OLDEST - small brained, walked upright, big toe still separated. |
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Term
| Australopithecus afarensis (Lucy) |
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Definition
| 2nd - lived in Africa, brain a lot bigger, walked upright, ~4 ft tall. |
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Term
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Definition
| show big toes shifting closer; from Lucy |
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Term
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Definition
"handy man"
lived in africa, less than half the size of modern human, primitive tools found with it |
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Term
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Definition
| migrated out of Africa and colonized Asia and Europe |
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Term
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Definition
| Homo erectus; lived in Asia |
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Term
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Definition
| lived in Europe and Asia; neanderthal man; did not interbreed with H. sapiens |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| earliest modern humans that lived in Europe; cave man |
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Term
| multi-regional hypothesis |
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Definition
| single, continuous human species evolving worldwide to modern H. sapiens |
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Term
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Definition
| humans originated in Africa, replacing subpopulations which went through speciation prohibiting gene flow |
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Term
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Definition
what an animal does and how it does it
-influenced by genetic & environmental factors
-influences survival & reproduction
-expect to behave in ways to max fitness |
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Term
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Definition
| survival and reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
"instinctive"; developmentally fixed, not modified by environmental factors, usually NO opportunities for learning
-ex: cliff avoidance & holding onto mom |
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Term
| fixed action patter (FAP) |
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Definition
a sequence of innate behaviors that is unchangeable and once initiated is carried to completion
-ex: egg-rolling behavior in geese |
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Term
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Definition
when organisms prefer an excessive stimulus to the normal stimulus
-ex bird incubating biggest egg it can find |
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Term
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Definition
| the modification of behavior resulting from specific experiences |
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Term
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Definition
the recognition, response and attachment of young to a particular adult or object, usually irreversible
-ex ducks or geese on human |
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Term
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Definition
the loss of responsiveness to stimuli; the "cry wolf" affect
-ex: to bad smells |
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Term
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Definition
classical conditioning; the ability of animals to learn to associate one stimulus with another
-ex pavlov's dog ~ bell and food ->salivate |
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Term
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Definition
trial and error; an animal learns to associate one of its own behaviors with reward or punishment
-ex dog do things again b/c think will get praise |
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Term
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Definition
reasoning; formulating a course of action by understanding the relationships b/w the parts of the problem
-common only in primates, esp humans |
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Term
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Definition
| b/c it facilitates social development, practice certain behaviors and develop coordination and skills that may be important later during adult life |
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Term
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Definition
| difference in gamete size in male and females; eggs are large and costly; sperm are small and cheap |
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Term
| females reproductive behavior... |
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Definition
| eggs large & costly, want to protect their investment, so are choosy |
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Term
| males reproductive behavior... |
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Definition
| sperm small & cheap, want to fertilize as much as possible, so are promiscuous |
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Term
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Definition
| evolve b/c sometimes males and females must cooperate to successfully raise offspring |
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Term
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Definition
| one male, one female; often mate for life; sexes often monomorphic (look alike); both jealous |
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Term
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Definition
| protecting your investment in reproduction by not allowing your partner to mate with other individuals (PDA); in monogamous relationships |
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Term
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Definition
| one male, many females; harems tend to form when territories or other resources are limiting; sexes dimorphic |
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Term
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Definition
| males showy, females cryptic |
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Term
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Definition
| one female, multiple males; sexes dimorphic; when females promiscuous males evolve strategies... |
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Term
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Definition
| in many species females store sperm to use at a later time; some may for up to a week |
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Term
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Definition
| most recent male fertilizing most of the eggs; why male guarding evolves |
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Term
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Definition
in species where females mate with multiple males; natural selection favors competitive sperm
-ex swimming speed |
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Term
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Definition
some species produce many small sperm; others a few giant sperm
-dandelions vs. coconuts |
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Term
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Definition
| in rats and mice sperm from same male hook together to form a "raft" that allows sperm to swim faster by working together |
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Term
| minimal criteria (mate choice) |
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Definition
| female accepts the first male that meets a minimum threshold; occurs when males are scarce/spread out |
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Term
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Definition
| female accepts the best male among those available; usually involves a simultaneous comparison of several males |
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Term
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Definition
an arena where males display for females
-ex: cock-of-the-rock, Manakins
-usually when they don't help raise offspring |
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Term
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Definition
may act like pheromones, warning off if someone else is too closely related to you, b/c different is good
-ex 1995 Swiss Claus Weikend study in humans |
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Term
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Definition
| competition for parental resources |
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Term
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Definition
| killing your siblings so you don't have to compete with them |
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Term
| parent-offspring conflicts |
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Definition
| parents take care of offspring as long as they need to; after that it's just competition |
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Term
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Definition
parents force others to raise offspring
-ex: cuckoo |
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Term
| why do animals cooperate? |
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Definition
| b/c of inclusive fitness - your fitness plus the fitness of your relatives |
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Term
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Definition
| individuals of the same species present together in the same area at the same time |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of populations in relation to the environment |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| how many individuals per unit area |
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Term
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Definition
| pattern of spacing among individuals |
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Term
| clumped population dispersion |
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Definition
patches, herds, flocks
-most common |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| age specific sumary of the survival of individuals in a population |
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Term
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Definition
| proportions of individuals alive during a given time interval |
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Term
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Definition
high survivorship through early and middle ages
-ex: humans |
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Term
|
Definition
constant survivorship throughout life
-ex birds |
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Term
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Definition
low survivorship early in life
-ex oak trees |
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Term
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Definition
| age specific summary of the reproductive rates in a population |
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Term
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Definition
| the traits that affect an organisms schedule of survival and reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
large numbers of offspring produced in a single reproductive bout
-agave century plant, salmon |
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Term
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Definition
small numbers of offspring produced in each of several reproductive bouts
-ex humans |
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Term
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Definition
| survival and reproduction; offspring quality vs. quantity |
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Term
| exponential population growth |
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Definition
| max growth under ideal conditions |
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Term
| logistic population growth |
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Definition
| growth limited by carrying capacity (food, space, etc) |
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Term
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Definition
| max population size an environment can support |
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Term
| density-dependent factors |
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Definition
| controls population by disease, competition, parasites, predators, territoriality, accumulation of waste; become more intense as size increases |
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Term
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Definition
| individuals in a population may have a hard time surviving or reproducing if size too big or too small |
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Term
| density-independent factors |
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Definition
| population affected by natural disasters and climate change; affect large and small population equally |
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Term
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Definition
| how organisms interact with each other and the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| different species living in the same geographic area at the same time |
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Term
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Definition
| place where an organism lives |
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Term
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Definition
| an organisms functional role in a habitat or community |
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Term
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Definition
| all of the places that a species could live if no competitors |
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Term
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Definition
| where organism actually found; limited by competition |
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Term
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Definition
mammals living in the cold have shorter faces and limbs than mammals living in warmer areas
-ex: arctic fox and red fox |
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Term
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Definition
| warm-blooded animals that live in cold areas are bigger than those that live in warm areas |
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Term
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Definition
| dark pigments are more common in organisms living in warm, humid environments than cold, dry ones |
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Term
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Definition
(+/0) an interaction that benefits one but has no affect on the other
-ex epiphytes, birds' nests |
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Term
|
Definition
(+/+) benefits both species
-ex: ox peckers, cleaner shrimp, lichen and fungi, pollinator and flower |
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Term
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Definition
(-/-) nobody benefits
-intra-specific: b/w same species; limits population size
-inter-specific: b/w different species. 3 kinds. |
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Term
| character displacement competition |
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Definition
| inter-specific; species develop non-overlapping traits to prevent competition |
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Term
| resource partitioning competition |
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Definition
| inter-specific; when species divide resources so don't have to compete for same food |
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Term
| competitive exclusion competition |
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Definition
| inter-specific; one species excludes another through competition |
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Term
| herbivory, parasitism, predation |
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Definition
| (+/-) one species benefits, the other is harmed |
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Term
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Definition
| eating plants, sometimes kills the plants, sometimes not |
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Term
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Definition
| eating whole plant, above ground |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
| defense mechanism to prevent herbivores from eating |
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Term
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Definition
| only makes poison if attacked first |
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Term
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Definition
| one organism feeds on living tissues of another; doesn't always kill host |
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Term
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Definition
eats host while still alive
-ex wasp paralyze prey, lay eggs to feast when hatch |
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Term
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Definition
one organism benefits, the other dies
-ex lion |
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Term
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Definition
| strategy to prevent predation through camouflage, hiding; ex- frogs, lizards |
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Term
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Definition
| strategy to prevent predation by coloring warning of poison ex- monarch, poison frogs |
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Term
| deceptive patterns/behavior |
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Definition
| to distract or fool predators |
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Term
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Definition
when a harmless species mimics a harmful species
-ex viceroy and monarch |
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Term
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Definition
| the chronological colonization of a habitat by a series of different communities |
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