Yes.

Example: Twins

False.

It is almost always destructive.

Removing nutrients from one location and adding them to another.

What is the harm of increases in burning fossil fuels?

-Steadily raising the level of CO2 in the atmosphere

-It is leading to significant environmental problems, such as global warming.

-Adds large amount of nitrogen to aquatic systems, causing heavy growth of algae.

-Also adds large amounts of phosphates to aquatic systems, causing eutrophication of lakes.

True.

-Retains solar heat in the atmosphere

-Is produced by CO2 and water vapor in the atmosphere

False.

The temperature increases, the level of CO2 increases.

What is the greatest concern about global warming?

3 levels of biodiversity

Are they losing or gaining diversity?

-Diversity of ecosystems

-Diversity of species

-Genetic diversity

Losing diversity

has caused significant problems and competes with native species

Overexploitation of wildlife.

It affects the genetic diversity and relative abundance of species

What do humans rely on biodiversity for?

(6)

-Food

-Clothing

-Shelter

-Oxygen

-Soil tertility

-Medicinal substances

-Decrease in the overall size of populations and genetic diversity

-Reduction in gene flow among subpopulations

-Often highlights the relationships between biology and society

-Increasingly aims at sustaining the biodiversity of entire communities and ecosystems

-Can promote dispersal and help sustain populations

-Are especially important to species that migrate between different habitats seasonally

The primary goal of conservation biology is to...

-Balances human needs with the health of the biosphere

-The goal is the long-term prosperity of human societies and the ecosystems that support them.

1) External barriers

2) Internal defenses

3) Immune system

1st and 2nd line of defenses.

External and Internal

3rd type of defense.

Immune system

External barriers.

-Skin

-Mucous membrance

-Secretions of skin ad mucous membranes

Internal defense.

-White blood cells

-Defense proteins

-Inflammatory response

Immune system.

-Antibodies

-Lymphocytes

-Return tissue fluid to circulatory system

-Fight infection

-Proteins found in blood plasma that attach to one particular kind of antigen and help counter its effects

-tag

-bind to antigen and immobilize

-bind to antigen and cause clumping

-White blood cells found most often in the lymphatic system

-Produce the immune response

-Originate from stem cells in the bone marrow

-B cells -- develop in the bone marrow

-T cells -- become specialized (fully developed) in the thymus

-Proteins that serve as molecular weapons of defense

-Contain 4 polypeptide chains arraged in a Y shape

1) Recognize and bind to a certain antigen

2) By binding to it, help to counter its effect

Respond to pathogens that have already entered body cells.

-They can recognize antigens, just not make antibodies.

Which is an example of discovery science?

a) Testing to see if selecting for starvation resistant flies can cause an evolution of increased starvation resistance in subsequent generations?

b) Random mutagenesis of the gene that encodes an enzyme and testing for what substrates it can bind to following mutation

c) Sequencing the human genome

d) Testing for the effects of microgravity on human physiology

Fungi, protists, animals, ad plants are all...

a) Eukaryotes

b) Prokaryotes

c) Are composed of carbon based macromolecules

d) a and c

Darwin's inescapable conclusion was that for every population (group of the same species) there is unequal reproductive success. In the case of tuberculosis, bacteria that were sensitive to the antibodies given to a patient...

a) lived to infect another person

b) died and did not pass on their genes

c)lived and passed on the genes for sensitivity to antibiotics to the next generation

d) became dormant inside the patient.

An element consists of one unique atom. An atom is made up of what types of particles?

a) gluons, prions, and quarks

b) electrons, protons, and neurons

c) neutrons, protons, and electrons

d) protons, neutrons, and gluons

The number of electrons in the outer orbital of a atom determines ________

a) the type of bond it will form

b) whether it is hydrophobic or not

c) whether it is polar or not

d) all of the above

Put the three types of bonds in order from strongest to weakest (left to right):

a) covalent -> hydrogen -> ionic

b) ionic -> hydrogen -> covalent

c) covalent -> ionic -> hydrogen

d) hydrogen -> covalent -> ionic

e) ionic -> covalent -> hydrogen

A hydrogen atom has one electron in its outer orbital. How many covalent bonds can it form?

a) 1

b) 2

c) 4

d) 6

e) 7

Radioactive isotopes have more of which atomic particle than the naturally occurring atom?

a) electrons

b) protons

c) neutrons

d) gluons

Calcium and chloride are held together by two ionic bonds. Calcium ions have a net charge of +2. How many electrons were originally in the outer orbital of calcium?

a) 1

b) 2

c) 4

d) 6

e) 7

Calcium chloride is a salt that dissolves in water (much like NaCl-table salt). Which answer explains this phenominon the best?

a) polar water molecules prevent calcium and chloride atoms from sharing electrons (they are dissolved)

b) polar water molecules break covalent bonds (they are disolved)

c) polar water molecules prevent hydrogen bonds from forming between calcium and chloride (they are dissolved)

d) polar water molecules surround the calcium and chloride ions seperating them (they are dissolved)

Chlorine is a strong base, how does it compare to lemon juice (acidic) chemically?

a) Chlorine has an equal amount of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions while lemon juice has more hydroge ions

b) chlorine has more hydrogen ions than lemon juice

c) chlorine has less hydrogen ions than lemon juice

d) chlorine has less hydroxyl ions than lemon juice.

All of the properties of water relate to the fact that water is a polar machine. What does "polar" mean?

a) that the water has a hydrophillic and hydrophobic side

b) that water has an ionic and covalent side

c) that water has a partially positive and partially neutral side

d) that water has a partially positive and partially negative side.

Unlike in the grocery store, when scientists talk about organic molecules we mean...

a) molecules made from carbon

b) molecules made from sodium

c) molecules made from hydrogen

d) molecules made from chlorine

d) molecules made from oxygen

A triglyceride (lipid) is composed of...

a) nucleic acids

b. amino acids

c. glycerol only

d. glycerol and three fatty acids.

Which fatty acid chain below is saturated?

a. ch2-ch2-ch2-ch=ch2

b. ch2-ch=ch-ch=ch2

c. ch2-ch2-ch2-ch-ch3

d. ch=ch-ch2-ch-ch3

Saturated fat is not healthy, but trans fats are worse. If you look at the ingredients on a box of crackers, how do you know if trans fats are present? (even if the box says zero trans fat)

a. lard is in the list

b. partially hydrogenated vegetable oil is on the list

c. pasteurized egg protein is on the list

d. canola oil is in the list

BPA is a hydrophobic. Which macromolecule will BPA be dissolved in (accumulate in)?

a. monosaccarides

b. proteins

c. lipids

d. nucleic acids

The primary structure of a protein is ultimately determined by...

a. a sequence of monosaccharides

b. a sequence of lipids

c. a sequence of glycerols

d. a sequence of nucleotides

Hemoglobin is a protein. When one amino acide of hemoglobin is mutated it leads to a disease called sickle cell anemia. How does this very small change ultimately affect the function of an entire protein?

a. it makes it fall apart easily

b. it makes it be more sticky

c. it makes it fold improperly

d. it makes it more hydrophobic

e. it makes it more hydrophilic

Which nitrogeneous base is only found in RNA and is absent in DNA?

a. A

b. G

c. T

d. C

e. U

A cell is the basic unit of life. Which organism(s) below are multicellular?

a. human

b. plant

c. fungus

d. all of the above

e. none of the above

Eukaryotic cells are more organized than prokaryotic cells, yet they have many things in common. Which item(s) in the list below do they share?

a. ribosomes

b. plasma membrane

c. DNA

d. A and B

e. all of the above

Cell membranes are selectively permeable. Oxygen gas can diffuse through the lipid bilayer, but glucose and water need help. What macromolecule is involved in the movement of glucose and water?

a. carbs

b. fats 

c. DNA

d. proteins

e. RNA

Which answer outlines the control of cellular processes by the nucleus?

a. DNA -> RNA -> protein

b. RNA -> DNA -> protein

c. proetin -> DNA -> RNA

d. RNA -> protein -> DNA

e. DNA -> protein -> RNA

Which organelle(s) below are responsible for providing energy to a eukaryotic cell?

a. mitochondria

b. chloroplast

c. cell membrane

d. nucleus

e. a and b

Why do plants have mitochondria?

a. because the ATP made by chloroplasts is stored in the mitochondria

b. because the sugars made by the chloroplasts are used to make ATP in the mitochondria

c. because they make the sugars that are used to make ATP in the chloroplast

d. because they make ATP from the glycogen stored in the chloroplast

A call produces and uses energy, it has an assembly line for building things, it has a control center that runs the factory, and all of these processes are housed within a structure. which houses all of these processes?

a. membrane

b. mitochondria

c. nucleus

d. ribosomes

e. plasma membrane

Energy is defined as...

a. the capacity to remain at rest

b. the capacity to form acids

c. the capacity to do work

d. the capacity to form bases

There are 2 types of energy, kinetic and potential. Which answer(s) below is/are an example of kinetic energy?

a. making ATP from ADP

b. running

c. building proteins

d. breaking down ATP to form ADP

e. all of the above

Energy can not be created or destroyed. 60% of the energy in your body takes in is lost as heat. Heat is a form of ______ energy.

a. kinetic

b. potential

c. chemical

d. b and c

Lactose is a disaccharide that cannot be digested by many people. What can we say about the enzyme (lactase) that digests lactose?

a. lactase lowers the activation energy of the hydrolysis of lactose

b. lactase allows hydrolysis of lactose to occur at lower temperatures than it normally would

c. lactase is a protein

d. lactase changes its shape when it binds lactose

e. all of the above

The plasma membrane is formed by a phospholipid bilayer. Which part of the phospholipid can face both the outside of the cell or the cytoplasm?

a. the hydrophilic fatty acid tails

b. the hydrophilic phosphate heads

c. the hydrophobic fatty acid tails

d. the hydrophobic phosphate heads

What do active transport, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis have in common?

a. they all require energy

b. they all do not require energy

c. they all require a proteins to help with membrane transport

d. they all move molecules from a low concentration to a high concentration

d. a and d

When an animal cell in control of water balance (osmoregulation) it maintains an isotonic state which can also be described as _______.

a. equilibrium

b. dynamic equilibrium

c. equality

d. isotonic equilibrium

A cell contains 10% potassium, 2% sodium, and 5% chloride. The surrounding solution contain 2% potassium, 10% sodium, and 10% chloride. Potassium is continually being pumped into the cell and sodium out of the cell by what transport mechanism?

a. osmosis

b. facilitated diffusion

c. simple diffusion

d. active transport

The maintenance of high concentrations of potassium on the inside of the cell and high concentrations of sodium on the outside of the cell is essential for neuron (nerve cell) function. After a neuron sends a signal, sodium ions rush into the cell. What type of transport is responsible for that inward movement of sodium into the cell?

a. osmosis

b. facilitated diffusion

c. simple diffusion

d. active transport

Plants are....

a. autotrophs and consumers

b. autotroph and producers

c. heterotrophs and producers

d. heterotrophs and consumers

Animals depend on plants and plants depend on animals. If I eat a hamburger, the energy in that hamburger was initially harvested from...

a. the sun

b. ATP

c. carbs

d. carbon dioxide

What molecule below is necessary for plants to make sugars and is a waste product of cellular respiration?

a. oxygen

b. nitrogen

c. carbon dioxide

d. glucose

How are cellular respiration and breathing related?

a. we breath oxygen which is necessary for cellular respiration. we exhale carbon dioxide which is a biproduct of cellular respiration

b. we breath carbon dioxide which is necessary for cellular respiration. we exhale oxygen, which is a biproduct of cellular respiration

c. we breathe in oxygen which is necessary for cellular respiration. we exhale carbon dioxide which is a byproduct of cellular respiration.

d. we breath in glucose which is necessary for cellular respiration. we exhale carbon dioxide which is a byproduct of cellular respiration.

Which macromolecule/molecule has the most energy per gram?

a. carbs

b. protein

c. fat

d. alcohol

e. glucose

In what organelle do the TCA cycle and electron transport occur?

a. chloroplast

b. mitochondria

c. cytoplasm

d. nucleus

Yeast cells make ethanol when there is no oxygen. Human muscle cells make lactic acid when oxygen is depleted. What is the purpose of making ethanol or lactic acid in these 2 scenarios?

a. to keep making ATP you need to recycle NAD

b. to keep making ATP you need to recylce NADH

c. to keep making ATP you need to reform glucose

d. to keep making ATP you need to recycle ADP+Pi

*both a and b are correct, but a is the best answer*

a. to keep making ATP you need to recycle NAD

What type of activity would use anaerobic metabolism?

a. sprinting 100 meters

b. making beer

c. running 10 miles

d. swimming 2 miles

d. a and b

Which phenomenon(a) below require(s) mitosis?

a. wound healing requires increased cell division in order to repair the damage to a tissue.

b. cancer

c. cells are continually lost in the lining of digestive tract and are replaced

d. a one celled zygote becomes a multicellular embryo

d. all of the above

An actively dividing cell continually enters and exists the cell cycle. The cell cycle is broken down into 4 seperate phases. Which answer puts these phases in the correct order?

a. M -> G1 -> S -> G2 -> M

b. G1 -> S -> M -> G2 -> G1

c. G2 -> S -> M -> G1 -> G2

d. S -> G1 -> M -> G2 -> S

What is cancer?

a. uncontrolled cell division

b. control of the cell cycle

c. cells stuck in G0 of the cell cycle

d. a and b

e. all of the above

Why do UV radiation or other mutagens (carcinogens) cause cancer?

a. they mutate the genes that are involved in cell cycle control

b. they mutate the proteins associated with cell cycle control

c. they mutate the mitochondrial matrix associated with ATP production

d. they inhibit the cell from regulating its metabolism

Which pair of sequences below represents homologous chromosomes?

a. ABCdefb and Abcdyxz

b. ABcDEFG and AbCdeFg

c. AbcdefG and Abcdehi

d. AbcDEFg and ABHIEFG

During meiosis I was crucial events occur that can increase the genetic diversity in the eggs or sperm?

a. crossing over between homologous chromosomes

b. independent assortment

c. random fertilization

d. a and b

e. all of the above

When comparing mitosis and meiosis which statement is most correct?

a. mitosis results in 2 cells that are genetically nonidentical while meiosis results in 4 cells that are genetically identical.

b. mitosis is used for sexual reproduction; meisos is used for asexual reproduction

c. mitosis requires one cell division while meiosis requires 2 cell divisons

d. interphase precedes mitosis, meiosis I, and meiosis II

A nondisjunction is caused by...

a. failure of sister chromatids to seperate during meiosis II

b. failure of homologous chromosomes to seperate during meiosis II

c. failure of sister chromatids to serperate during meiosis II

d. failure of homologous chromosomes to duplicate during S phase

e. a and b

c. failure of sister chromatides to seperate during meisos II

Mendel figured out the rules of genetics by working with pea plants. One important attribute of these plants was the you could both self fertilize a plant as well as cross-fertilize between plants. When you cross-fertilize two true breeding pea plants you get a _______

a. hybrid

b. mosaic

c. heterochromatin

d. homologue

e. hermaphrodite

Two tall plants (tall is dominant) are cross-fertilized and yield 100% tall plants (offspring). What are the possible genotype(s) of the two tall plants?

a. both TT

b. TT and Tt

c. Tt and Tt

d. a and b

e. all of the above

A monohybrid cross looks at differences in one characteristic (like flower color). When we perform monohybrid crosses we are seeing a pattern of inheritance that is due to...

a. the principle of segregation

b. the principle of independent assortment

c. the principle of diminishing returns

d. random mixtures of genes

Mendel hyphothesized that there were 2 versions of each heritable factor. Today, we call these possible versions ______ (ex: purple and white versions for flower color).

a. genes

b. heterozygous

c. alleles

d. heterotypic

In Labrador Retrievers black coat (B) is dominant over brown and normal vision (N) is dominant over blindness. If you have a dog that is black with normal vision what is/are the possible genotype(s) of that dog?

a. BBNN

b. BbNn

c. BbNN

d. BBNn

e. all of the above

If you crossed a homozygous Black Labrador Retriever with a Brown Labrador Retriever, what would be the expected phenotypic ratio of the puppies?

a. 1:1

b. 3:1

c. 2:1

d. 1:2:1

e. 100% black

Color blindness is a sex-linked trait. If the mother is a carrier for color blindness and the father is colorblind, what is the probability that their daughter will be colorblind?

a. 100%

b. 75%

c. 50%

d. 25%

e. 0%

What does DNA polymerase do?

a. replicate DNA

b. transcribe RNA

c. translate protein

d. synthesize carbs

T/F: Human immunodeficiency Virus causes AIDS

The genome of a retrovirus is made of what macromolecule?

a. DNA

b. RNA

c. Protein

d. Lipid

Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme that converts the viral genome into DNA so that it can be inserted into your genome! How does AZT work against the AIDS virus?

a. it fools it into incorporating AZT into the DNA instead of T

b. it fools it into incorporating AZT into the DNA instead of amino acids

c. it fools it into incorporating AZT into the DNA instead of glycerol

d. it fools it into incorporating AZT into the DNA instead of A

Where do new viruses come from?

a. new viruses arise through mutation

b. new viruses can come from other species (birds, primates, etc)

c. new viruses can come from isolated populations

d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Which answer is not a characteristic of viruses?

a. they can infect bacteria

b. they can replicate without a host cell

c. they can infect plants

d. they can infect animals

A singly zygote can become any cell of the body. During development cells become specialized (muscle cells, neuron, etc). We call this process...

a. regeneration

b. cellular differentiation

c. morphogenesis

d. differential contrifugation

When a gene is turned on in a specific cell we say it is being....

a. degraded

b. replicated

c. transcribed

d. mutated

Which cells below have turned on different sets of genes?

a. neruon and muscle cell

b. pancreas cell and a lens cell

c. kidney cell and a intestinal epithelial cell

d. all of the above

You can clone a planaria (a flat worm) in your own home. To do this, take a sharp razor blade and cut the flatworm in half. The head will regenerate a tail and the tail will regenerate a head. The 2 planaria are clones because...

a. they were made through sexual reproduction

b. they are genetically identical

c. they used meiosis to grow

d. they look exactly alike

What technique uses cells from the patient that are still actively dividing (maybe from bone marrow) to make specific cell types?

a. reproductive cloning

b. theraputic cloning

c. differentiation of adult stem cells in a culture dish

d. creation of induced pluripotent stem cells (ips)

Which answer below does not correctly compare embryonic (ES) and adult stem (AS) cell?

a. AS can only become a few types of cell while ES are multipotent (many cell types)

b. AS are the patients cells while ES can be used to make cells that are clones of the patient

c. both can directed to make different cell types in a petri dish

d. they are both a problem ethically because an embryo must be sacrificed to produce each cell type

Which type of cells can be used or may be used in the future for theraputic cloning?

a. embryonic stem cells

b. induced pluripotent stem cells

c. adult stem cells

d. a and b

e. all of the above

Which answer below is a similarity that we see between the building of the head to tail axis in the fly and the mouse?

a. each homeotic gene is found in the same order on the chromosomes in both fly and mouse

b. each homeotic gene is expressed in the same head to tail pattern in both the fly and the mouse

c. each homeotic gene is expressed in the same temporal pattern (head first, tail last) in both the fly and the mouse

d. all of the above

The smalles biological unit that can evolve

a. individual

b. community

c. population

d. ecosystem

What evidence below supports the theory of evolution?

a. simpler organisms are found in the lower geological levels while more complex organisms are found in the upper layers

b. marsupials are only found in Australia

c. Humans and chickens both have embryonic gills

d. Human chromosome #2 is a fusion of 2 seperate chromosomes end on end making 46 chromosomes instead of 48 that we find in chimpanzees and gorillas

e. all of the above

A population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is...

a. not evolving

b. evolving

c. stagnant

d. adapting

Which answer below is an example of allelic frequency?

a. 1 in 10,000 babies are born with phenlyketonuria

b. 1 in 3300 people in Germany have cystic fibrosis

c. Boys have both an X and a Y chromosome

d. a and b

e. all of the above

All of the answers below will affect the allelic frequency of a population. Which answer(s) is/are an example(s) of genetic drift?

a. a small population of people leaves the U.S. starts a colony on an isolated island

b. during the 1960s over 50% of the breeding population of bald eagles died due to pesticide contamination

c. people immigrate and emigrate from the U.S. all the time

d. a and b

e. all of the above

What is a population, or group of populations, whose members can potentially interbreed and produce fertile offspring?

a. a community

b. a species

c. an ecosystem

d. a symbiotic relationship

Blue footed Boobies perform a series of movements that look like a dance before mating. If the females like what she sees then the male will have an opportunity to mate with her. This is an example of a _______ barrier, specifically __________ isolation.

a. prezygotic...temporal

b. prezygotic...behavioral

c. postzygotic...temporal

d. postzygotic....behavioral

In class we watched a movie about salamanders in California that were on their way to becoming two seperate species. What must occur for the evolution of two seperate species to be complete?

a. the 2 species must be genetically isolated from one another

b. one of the species must move to another location

c. hybrids between the 2 evolving species must be fertile

d. b and c

Since the salamanders were physically seperated from one another as they migrated from northern to southern California over 10 million years, we would characterize the type of speciation occurring as...

a. allopatric

b. sympatric

c. homeopathic

d. psycopathic

Why would a mass extinction possibly lead to greater diversification of surviving species?

a. there is less competition for available food

b. there is less competition for available water

c. species can adapt to live in vacant habitats

d. species tend to stay in the habitat they evolved in before the extinction

An adult human skull looks more like fetal chimp skull. The adult Axolotl has external gills like a juvenile salamander. These are examples of...

a. exaptation

b. paedomorphosis

c. polyploidy

d. homology

A group of different species living in the same area that may interact with one another.

a. population

b. community

c. ecosystem

d. family

We can define the diversity of a community by looking at the species richness and relative abundance of different species. Which community below is the most species rich?

a. the athletic fields at UWW

b. a planted cornfield

c. a wetland (marsh)

d. a and b

According to the competitive exclusion principle (and an experiment done by Gause) if 2 different species of paramecium (single celled protists) are cultured in the same test tube....

a. one will adapt to use a different food source

b. one will become locally extinct

c. each will develop a symbiotic relationship with the other

d. one will start eating the other

Herbivores eat plants. In response, the plants have evolved defenses against herbivores, like toxins and thorns. Some herbivores have evolved to get around the plants defenses. These evolving predator-prey relationships are an example of...

a. allopatric speciation

b. sympatric speciation

c. coevolution

d. all of the above

What types of defenses have animals evolved to use against predators?

a. camoflauge

b. running very fast

c. mobbing

d. distraction displays

e. all of the above

Sea otters eat sea urchins. If the sea urchin population was not kept in check, they would demolish the kelp (a type of seaweed) within the community. In this community, sea otters are...

a. omnivors

b. herbivores

c. keystone predators

d. an intermediate disturbance

A forest fire destroys most of the plants and animals in a particular area, but top soil still remains. What type of succession will occur?

a. primary succession

b. secondary succession

c. intermediate succession

d. radical succession

According to the intermediate disturbance hypothesis, which example below would tend to increase biodiversity?

a. presence of prairie dogs in a prairie

b. a tree falls over in the forest

c. an overadubance of rabbits in Australia

c. clear cutting a forest

d. a and b.

Decomposers (like fungi) assist in both ______ and ______ within an ecosystem.

a. heat generation and chemical cycling

b. energy flow and chemical cycling

c. food production and disturbance

d. energy flow and habitat allotment

The biomass of an ecosystem can only support a certain number of trophic levels. That is because only 10% of the energy  is retained to go to the next trophic level. With this in mind, as human populations continue to increase, which trophic level of a food chain would it be the most efficient for humans to utilize (eat at)?

a. producer

b. primary consumer

c. secondary consumer

d. teritary consumer

Which answer below is an example of mutualism?

a. protists in the gut of a termite help it digest cellulose

b. E. coli in the human intestine help us to absorb vitamin K

c. athletes foot is caused by a fungus that lives in the moist places between your toes

d. a and b

e. all of the above

Kudzo, dandelions, zebra mussels, are examples of...

a. keystone predators

b. introduced (invasive) species

c. native species

d. nuisance species

How can small amounts of a pesticide found in the water reach high concentrations in animals like eagles and alligators?

a. the food web

b. the food chain

c. biomagnification

d. habitat fragmentation

Who is the most responsible for cleaning up the ecological mess we are currently in?

a. iraq

b. u.s.

c. india

d. indonesia

What branch of science tries to aid the increase of biodiversity on the planet through research and applying that research?

a. ecologists

b. conservation biologists

c. paleontologists

d. geneticists

Which part of cellular respiration pathway makes the most ATP?

a. glycolysis

b. krebs cycle

c. electron transport

d. fermentation

Which organelle turns CO2 and water into sugar?

a. mitochondria

b. chloroplast

c. nucleus

d. ribosome

Which statement below is true about HIV and AIDS?

a. HIV is a retrovirus that specifically targets the nonspecific cell defenses

b. HIV is a retrovirus that evetually will cause acquired immune deficiency

c. AIDS can be caused by the flu virus.

d. Only homosexuals can be infected by HIV

During an inflammatory response, nonspecific defenses act to...

a. disinfect and clean damaged tissue

b. initiate the production of antibodies

c. initiate the production of T helper cells

d. initiate specific immune responses

A vaccine can consist of a solution containing...

a. a weakened or "killed" form of the virus

b. a harmless variant strain of a disease-causing microbe

c. a purified protein or carb that is part of the virus

d. all of the above

What is the advantage to the immune system's "memory"?

a. it enables the immune system to recognize a foreign anitgen

b. it enables the immune system to recognize a foreign antigen faster than the initial exposure

c. it inhibits the nonspecific immune defenses

d. it supports the inflammatory response

What cells coordinate the specific immune response to an antigen?

a. Helper T cells

b. B cells

c. Memory cells

d. B and C

e. All of the above.

This therapy slows evolution of the HIV.

a. reverse transcriptase inhibitors

b. protease inhibitors

c. fusion inhibitors

d. integrase inhibitors

e. triple cocktail

Which enzyme converts viral RNA into DNA and is specifically affected by AZT?

a. integrase

b. protease

c. reverse transcriptase

d. fusase

Species with the greatest impact on communities worldwide.

a. What is kudzu?

b. what are zebra mussels?

c. what are humans?

d. what are fire ants?

Kudzu, zebra mussels, dandelions, buckthorn, nile perch...

a. what are native species?

b. wha tare keystone predators?

c. what are introduced species?

d. what are resident species?

Concentrates toxins in higher trophic levels.

a. what are land fills?

b. what is dredging?

c. what is biomagnification?

d. what is the green house effect?

One of the most harmful effects of habitat loss due to human activites.

a. what is overexploitation?

b. what is farming?

c. what is habitat fragmentation?

d. what is increasing global temperature?

Increasing levels of CO2

a. what causes holes in the ozone?

b. what causes global warming?

c. what causes habitat fragmentation?

d. what causes overexploitation?

Decrese the use of CFCs

a. what might slow the rise of CO2 in our atmosphere?

b. what might increase the size of the ozone hole?

c. what might increase the amount of CO2  in our atmosphere?

d. what might decrease the size of the ozone hole?

d. what might decrease the size of the ozone hole?

Retains chemicals and water in an ecosystem

a. how do migratory birds act to sustain an ecosystem?

b. how do plants act to sustain an ecosystem?

c. how does rainfall act to sustan an ecosystem?

d. how does species diversity sustain an ecosystem?

Build corridors

a. how can we decrease the effects of habitat fragmentation?

b. how can we decrease the effects of overexploitation?

c. how can we decrease the effects of invasive/introduced species?

d. how can we slow the current rate of extinction?

Influenza

a. what is a bacterial infection?

b. wwhat is a fungal infection?

c. what is a retroviral infection?

d. what is in HIV infection?

high mutation rate

a. why is influenza so easily transmitted?

b. why can't influenza be treated with antiobiotics?

c. why do we have to make a new flu vaccine each year?

d. why is influenza mostly occur in the winter?

Inhibits the virus from leaving the cell.

a. how does the flu vaccine work?

b. how does AZT work?

c. how does Tamiflu work?

d. how does Theraflu work?

The next pandemic

a. what may happen if chickenpox and influenza combine?

b. what may happen if HIV and influenza combine?

c. what may happen if bird flu and influenza combine?

d. what might happen if SARS and influezna combine?

A barrier to pathogens trying to enter your body

a. what are antibodies?

b. what are antigens?

c. what is the skin and mucous membranes?

d. what is the inflammatory response?

Pathogen that has been recognized as foreign

a. what is an antibody?

b. what is an antigen?

c. what is a memory cell?

d. what is a B cell?

Make memory cells after exposure to a pathogen.

a. what are T cells?

b. what are B cells?

c. what are white blood cells?

d. wha tare mast cells?

Helper T cells

 a. what are cells that act as coordinators of the immune system?

b. what are cells that function by making antibodies?

c. what are cells that kill cells that are infected by virus?

d. what are cells that engulf (eat) bacteria and other foreign cells?

Balancing the needs of humans with the health of the biosphere.

a. what is conservation biology?

b. what is landscape management?

c. what is sustainable development?

d. what is biophilia?