Term
| What are the characteristics that all genetic material must have? |
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Definition
must be able to store information
copy the information
change the information
allow for constancy within a species
and allow for variation between a species
S C C C V |
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Term
| Understand Griffith and Avery's experiment |
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Definition
first expiriment to identify DNA as genetic material of an organism:
experiment with mice (intended to find a vaccine for streptococcol pneumonia) -
S Strain - virulent
R Strain - not virulent
R strain was "transformed" by the S strain and became virulent |
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Term
| What did Avery determine the "transforming" material was? |
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Definition
| DNA - not RNA or a protein |
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Term
| Understand the Hershey and Chase experiment |
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Definition
Batch 1 - proteins
Batch 2 - DNA
allowed bacteriophages to infect bacteria. pellet showed cells in Batch 2 (DNA) were radioactive therefore DNA, not protein, was genetic material |
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Term
| What did Hershey and Chase determine? |
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Definition
| DNA not protein, was genetic material |
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Term
| Understand what Chagriff determined |
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Definition
within a species the amount of Adenine equals the amount of Thymine and the amount of Guanine equals the amount of Cytosine
the percentage of A, T, C and G varied between species and was constant within a species |
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Term
| What was Chagraff's rule? |
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Definition
A = T and C = G
% of A, T, C and G varies between species |
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Term
| Understand Wilkin's and Franklin's x-ray defraction data |
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Definition
| Wilkin's studying x-ray defraction of proteins, Franklin decides to do x-ray defraction on DNA - image determines the structure of DNA |
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Term
| What did Franklin's image say about the shape of a DNA molecule? |
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Definition
DNA is a helix with a diameter of 2 nm
repeating structures every 3.4 nm
makes a complete turn every 3.4 nm |
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Term
| What 2 scientists used the data from Chargaff, Wilkins, and Franklins to finally determine the actual "double helix" structure of DNA? |
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Definition
| James Watson and Francis Crick |
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Term
| Understand the structure of DNA (shape, components, bonds, complementary base pairings) |
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Definition
double helix - 2 strands of nucleotides and 2 strands twist around eachother in a spiral
ladder - sides made up of deoxyribose sugar and phosphate groups, rungs made up of N bases
complementary base pairing - A binds to T, C binds to G held together by hydrogen bonds
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Term
| In double helix, what does the term "double" refer to? |
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Definition
| that DNA is two strands of nucleotides |
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Term
| In double helix, what does "helix" refer to? |
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Definition
| the two strands that twist around each other in a spiral |
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Term
| If you compare DNA to a ladder what makes up the sides of the ladder? |
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Definition
| alternating deoxyribose sugar and phosphate groups |
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Term
| If you compared DNA to a ladder, what would make up the rungs? |
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Definition
| paired nitrogen bases (A:T, C:G) |
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Term
| What holds together the paired nitrogen bases? |
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Definition
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Term
| What kind of charge does DNA have? |
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Definition
| phosphate group gives a negative charge down the sides of the ladder |
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Term
| If DNA is a polymer, what are the monomers that are it's building blocks? |
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Definition
| many nucleotides containing a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogen base (A, T, C or G) |
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Term
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Definition
| a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base |
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Term
| What is complimentary base pairing? |
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Definition
| A always binds to T, C always binds to G |
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Term
| What does it mean when we say the strands are "anti parallel"? |
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Definition
| the two strands run in opposite directions - one strand runs 5 to 3 and the other 3 to 5 (3 is the third Carbon on the deoxyribose sugar and 5 is the fifth) |
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