Term
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Definition
| a group of cells of similar type that work together for a common purpose |
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Term
the types of tissue
[CHECK CHART] |
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Definition
4 types.
epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous |
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Term
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Definition
cover body surface, line organs
[squamous] flat
[cuboidal] tube
[columnar] column
EITHER SIMPLE OR STRATIFIED |
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Term
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Definition
MOST ABUNDANT TISSUE
binds, supports, transports, stores energy(fat)
contains cells embedded in matrixes made of protein fibers, ground substances/cell secretions, and fibroblast cells |
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Term
types of connective tissue
[CHECK CHART] |
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Definition
PROPER - areolar, adipose(fat), dense
areolar: under skin, around organs, structures and cushions
adipose: energy storage and cushions
dense: tendons and ligaments, bone-2-bone or bone-2-muscle
SPECIALIZED -
cartilage: absorbs shock
bone: living. structure, protection, movement, storage, productin of red blod cells
blood: plasma = liquid matrix, cell fragment/platelets inside, 'fibers' are soluble proteins. main function is TRANSPORT - O2, CO2 |
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Term
muscle tissue, and the types
CHART |
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Definition
contracting cells. 3 types
skeletal = clyndrical, striated, many nuclei, voluntary contraction. proteins are actin and myosin?
cardiac = branching, striated with ONE nucleus. involuntary, pumps. wall of heart.
smooth = non striated, ONE nucleus
wall of intestines, blood vessels, ect. involuntary, constricts. |
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Term
| nervous tissue is, and types |
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Definition
nerves, brain, spinal cord
2 CELL types-
neurons: generate and conduct nerve impulses
neroglia: provide nutrients, insulate, protect neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| a structure composed of two or more tissue types that work together |
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Term
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Definition
| integumentary system - one type of organ system. skin, nails, hair, sweat glands. protects from invasion via macrophages, limtis water loss by keratin, temperature regulation, wastes, sensory |
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Term
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Definition
epidermis: layers of cells, constantly shed, outer ones are dead. keratinized(water proof)
dermis: dense connective tissue (wrinkles), blood vessels, hair follicles, glands, nerves. living |
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Term
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Definition
| pigment - color dependent on the form of melanin produced, also on blood flow and oxygen level in the skin |
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Term
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Definition
hair = modified skin cells. protection, sensory, insulation
nails = modified skin cells. protection, sensory
glands = oil and wax |
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Term
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Definition
stable internal conditions. organ systems interact to provide controlled environment.
CIRCLE:
negative feedback -->sensor/receptor -->control center -->effector -->negatice feedback |
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Term
| body temperature homeostasis |
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Definition
temperature controlled by hypothalamus. set point = -37c
skin receptors sense surface temp, internal receptors monitor blood temp. brain initiates this. |
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Term
| skeletal system is associated with: |
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Definition
| support, movement, protection, storage, blood cell proudction |
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Term
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Definition
2 types
compact: dense, covered by periosteum which contains blood vessels and nerves. central cavity of yellow marrow
bones made of matrixes.
Spongy bone: lattice work of tiny beams/plates. contains red marrow (red blood production) |
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Term
| bone hardness comes from? resiliency comes from? |
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Definition
hardness comes from mineral salts, calcium and phosphorus.
resiliency from elastic protein, collagen. |
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Term
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Definition
made of repeating units called OSTEONS. each osteon consists of bone cells called OSTEOCYTES.
covered by periosteum. |
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Term
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Definition
cells that produce matrix by SECRETING proteins and minerals (calcium, phos, collagen)
during development, bones start as cartilage. osteoblasts convert this to bone. |
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Term
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Definition
osteoclasts- cells that break down bone to release minerals
osteoblasts- secrete matrix, RENEW bone, regulate blood calcium levels. this process regulated by hormones |
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Term
remodeling problems
BONE REPAIR CHART IN BOOK |
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Definition
bone repaire - when bones break
clotting
fibroblasts/callus (connective tissue grown inward)
secretion of cartilage
osteoblasts transform cartilage to bone |
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Term
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Definition
series of bones
skull bones/cranial bones
facial bones
rib cage and sternum
vertebral column |
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Term
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Definition
pecotral girdle (clavicle, scapula)
humerus (arm)
radius (arm)
ulna (arm)
carpals
metacarpals (palm)
phalanges
pelvic girdle
femur (thigh bone. largest, strongest)
tibia (leg)
fibula (leg)
tarsals (ankle)
metatarsels (sole) |
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Term
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Definition
fibrous - immovable
cartilaginous - slight movable
synovial - freely move. cartilage layers, memrbanes with cells secreting fluids |
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Term
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Definition
excitable, contractile, extensible, elastic
skeletal muscle: striated. one cell extends from stationary to movable attachmet. arrange in antagonistic motion. |
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Term
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Definition
| bundles of muscle cells. inside these bundles are muscle fibers/muscle cells consisting of MYOFIBRILS |
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Term
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Definition
unit of contraction in muscle cells (each cell contans THOUSANDS of these)
made of protein myofilaments, actin and myosin |
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Term
sarcomere movement
BOOK CHART |
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Definition
sliding of actin filaments across myosin filaments
requires atp and phosphate |
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Term
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Definition
nerve and muscle cell it stimulates
strength of contraction involves more and more motor units
motor neuron |
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Term
skeletal muscle contraction
???? check book on this |
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Definition
signal from nerve (acetylcholine), causes calcium release from sarcoplasmic reticulum.
calcium binds to troponin releasing tropomyosin.
tropomysin changes shape allowing myosin to bind actin.
power stroke (adp and P move off)
myosin detaches (atp binds)
myosin reactivation (uses atp) |
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Term
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Definition
nerve impulse reaches neuromuscular junction
acetylcholine released at junction
acety binds to receptors on the plasma membrane of sarcomere, electrochemical message generated
calcium ions released from the sarcplasmic reticulum - contraction initiated |
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Term
| muscular energy in muscle cells |
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Definition
stored ATP
stored creatine phosphate
anaerobic respiration (1st step of glycolysis)
aerobic respiration (longterm. slower) |
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Term
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Definition
signal from nerve
calcium release
calcium binds to troponin |
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Term
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Definition
basic unit of nervous system
excitable cells - generate/transmit info
3 types
sensory
motor
interneuron |
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Term
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Definition
| conduct information TOWARD CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| carry info AWAY from CNS to an Effector (muscle/gland) |
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Term
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Definition
| thinking. interpret sensory signals, initiate response. found in CNS. |
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Term
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Definition
cell body
dendrites (branching projections that recieve signals)
axon (long extension signal travels down)
axon ending (transmit signal to another cell) |
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Term
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Definition
info flows trhu neurons
dendrites collect signal
cell body integrates incoming signal and generates outgoing one to axon
axon passes signal to dendrites on another cell |
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Term
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Definition
plasma membrane of glial cell
insulating outer layer on AXON.
occurs on neurons outside CNS
signal moves fast by jumping gaps thru the meylin. |
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Term
| nerve impulse/action potential |
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Definition
electrical signal is caused by Na+ and K+ ions crossing a neuron's membrane.
at 'rest' the inner surface of membrane is MORE NEGATIVELY CHARGED than OUTER surface. this charge difference lets neruon react quickly. |
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Term
| maintaining dif in electrical charge in nerves |
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Definition
gated ion channel membrane
pump [requires energy. active transport/diffusion.]
neuron membranes are selectively permeable |
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Term
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Definition
unequal distribution of ions
k+ concentration high INSIDE
na+ concentration high OUTSIDE
k+ tends to leak out.
cell uses energy (pumps_ to maintain balance |
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Term
more action potential stuff
figure 7.4 |
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Definition
action potential - neuron receives signal
resting state - cell negative inside
===depolarization- signal causes na+ gates to open, these ions rush in. inside cell becomes positive.
repolorization - restoration of resting state/refectory period. k+ gates open, negative charge.
pumps redistribute na and k. |
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Term
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Definition
utilizes difference in na and k concentrations to move signal
signal strength must pass a threshold.
because of refactory period, sustained signals occur as impulses-- increasing the strength of the stimuli will increase pulse rate.
because of refactory, signal CANNOT BE REVERSED. |
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Term
| neuron to receptor communcation |
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Definition
info thru neurons
synapse - junction between an axon ending and another cell. gap.
neurotransmitters - chemically carry signals between neurons.
excitatory synapse - causes INCREASE in activity of postsynaptic cell (increases likelihood of an action potential)
inhibitory - decrease. binding of neurotransmitters open ion channels that cause cell to become negative. |
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Term
| neuron to receptor communication 2 |
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Definition
| any given neuron may have thousands of synapses with other neurons. combined effects determine action potential. |
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Term
neurotransmitters.
how are they removed? |
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Definition
once used, are removed from synaptic cleft VIA:
1. enzymatic removal
2. neurotransmitter pumped back into neuron aka reuptake
3. diffusion from synapse
many types of neurotransmitters
activity determined by receptors presence |
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Term
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Definition
| over 50, focusing on acetycholine and norepephine. these act in both cns and pns. norep stimulates most organs, inhibits some. acety does opposite. |
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Term
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Definition
sensory division- stimuli
motor division - somatic, autonomic |
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Term
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Definition
somatic - senses info from environment
autonomic - regulates INVOLUNTARY activities, includes parasympathetic and sympathetic.
para: normal
symp: bad conditions |
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Term
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Definition
cerebrum - complex portion of brain
cerebral cortex/grey matter - thin outer layer containing billions of nerve cells. unmyelinated.
cerebral white matter - myelinated (faster signal) |
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Term
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Definition
| frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital |
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Term
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Definition
| motor function. personality. speech. |
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Term
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Definition
| sensory function and taste. |
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Term
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Definition
| auditory and olfaction/smell |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
sensory and motor areas
primary motor area you have control of: across frontal
primary somatosensory: across parietal [back] |
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Term
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Definition
cerebrum: voluntary
===brain stem: relays and integrates signals.
cerebellum: coordinates voluntary sensory motor movements
thalamus: processes sensory singals
===hypothalamus: homeostasis. in limbic system. [limbic system = emotion] |
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Term
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Definition
cerebrovascular accident
death of NEURONS from intterrupted blood flow.
causes: stroke, meningitis, aneurysm, heart attack, substance abuse
Traumatic brain injury
damage to neuron from FORCE
causes: whiplash. automobile (1/2 of all). slip n fall. sports. gun. explosions. |
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Term
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Definition
transmits singals to and from brain
connects to medulla
reflex center- gray matter.
but spinal cord also has white matter, ganglions, and spinal nerves. |
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Term
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Definition
circuits of neurons in spinal cord preqire to respond.
components: receptors. sensory neurons. interneurons. motor neurons. effector. |
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Term
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Definition
no control. two parts.
para: rest n digest. heart rate. directs blood to digestive tract.
symp
fight or flight. ALL EFFECTS AT ONCE. acts via adrenaline/epinephrine. DILATES PUPILS. |
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Term
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Definition
molecules that alter communication betwee n neurons. alter them by:
stimulating release of nt
inhibit nt
delay removal of nt
bind to receptors and act like nt
prevent nt action by blocking receptors |
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Term
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Definition
body's response to maintain homeostasis, by:
increasing enzyme production
decreasing # of receptors on post synaptic neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| nervous system and NT no longer able to produce normal responses. |
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Term
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Definition
cocaine
amphet
morphine
nicotene |
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Term
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Definition
effects:
dopamine, norepine[fight or flight]
increases residence in synapt gap by interfering with reuptake by presynap neuron. shortlived positive effect and then crash. |
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Term
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Definition
cardiovascular.
constricts arteries, increase heart rate, blood pressure
interferes with heartbeat neurons
can cause respiratory failure thru respiration center becoming depressed. |
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Term
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Definition
synthetic stimulants, dopa, norep
increased residence, increased releases
lasts for hours |
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Term
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Definition
dopamine release increased
behavioral. paranoia
brain activity increases after use stops, but long term bad to nervous system. bad memory, emotion |
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Term
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Definition
ecstasy. binds to receptors: serotonin(well being), acety(release of sero and dopa), norep.
also a stimulant. causes hyperthermia. |
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Term
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Definition
acety. relaxed. increased heart rate, constricts blood vessels
addicting |
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Term
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Definition
depresses neurons in brain
tends to depress INHIBITORY neurons fastest
ethanol: small molecule, fat and water soluble so readily diffuses. |
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Term
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Definition
quick effect. absorption and enzymatic breakdown begins in stomach, metabolized in liver.
alcohol dehydrenage in stomach. small amount excreted in urine/lungs |
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Term
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Definition
nervous system: depresses neurons, higher thinking centers first. autonomic nervous system neurons effected.
liver: metabolized before fat. accumulation of fat in liver cells. scar tissue (cirrhosis)
heart and blood vessels: enlarged heart |
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Term
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Definition
THC
binds to anandamide receptors-
brain's natural thc-like molecule
regulates mood, memory, pain, appetite |
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Term
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Definition
respiratory system: smoke has carcinogens. tar.
heart: increase heart rate/bp. heart attack.
reproduction: fertility. testosterone. period. |
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Term
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Definition
| system of glands and organs containing tissues that produce hormones |
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