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| a subphyla of chordate- contain a neural crest, craniates, vertebral column, endoskeleton, pharyngeal slits, more complex brains and organ systems |
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| vertebrate that have head & brain with skull |
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| what replaces the notochord |
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| made of bone or cartilage, one of the defining characteristics of the vertebrata |
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| jawless fishes, retain notochord with primitive vertebrae made of cartilage-like support tissue |
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| superclasses defined by jaws derived from the skeletal support of pharyngeal slits |
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| lamprey, in the superclass agnatha |
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| sharks, skates, rays & chimaeras, endoskeleton made of cartilage, swift swimmers with poor maneuberability, well developed sensory system, internal fertilization, some are oviparous, ovoviviparous, viviparous, have cloaca for excretion |
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| detect vibrations in water and help keep the organism horizontal |
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| largest group of vertebratas, have a bony endoskeleton & skin often covered in flattened, bony scales, most have a swim bladder |
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| helps with buoyancy, the fish doesn't have to keep swimming to remain afloat |
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| sarcopterygii, bottom dwellers that used paired, muscular fins to "walk" on the substrate under water-bones with muscles |
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| Tiktaalik- has fish like characteristics (scales, fins, gill and lungs) and tetrapod characteristics (neck ribs fin skeleton flat skull) |
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| respire through skin, frogs, salamanders, & caecilians, many are linked to water for at least part of their life cycle because of (external fertilization, must protect eggs, many have larval stage) tetrapod- four muscular limbs with digits |
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| ectotherms, adapted for terrestrial life, scales, lungs, amniotic eggs, internal fertilization, lizards, snakes, turtles, not bound to water |
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| regulate body temperature behaviorally-save energy- don't require a metabolism to burn calories for heat |
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| contains fluids and nutrients (yolk) along with the ovum |
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| have some reptilian features (amniotic eggs & scales on legs) flight is typical, endothermic |
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| maintain body temperature through metabolic activity |
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| underwent adaptive radiation after extinction of dinosaurs, have hair and mammary glands, endothermic, most have internal fertilization and development, some have a placenta, large brain, differentiation of teeth |
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| where mother's and offspring's blood mix, provide nutrients/remove waste |
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| oviparious, egg layers but have hair and produce milk, no nipples-glands secrete milk onto fure- platypuses and echidnas |
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| born very early in development & complete development while nursing in pouch, have nipples |
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| placental mammals, complete development within uterus connected to mother via placenta |
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| have hands and feet for grasping (thumbs), flat nails, fingerprints, short jaws, large brain, forward facing eyes (depth perception), extensive parenting, and complex social behavior [rabbits, rodents] |
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| prehuman specis, transitional fossils |
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| an integrated group of cells with a common form and function |
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| occurs as sheets of tightly packed cells that cover body surfaces and line internal organs and cavities, create barriers |
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| cells scattered through an extracellular matrix (space), holding tissues and organs together [bone, blood] |
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| bundles of long cells called muscle fibers, contract for movement, most abundance tissue in most animals |
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| transmit nerve impulses to process or send information, highly specialized to send signals |
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| dendrites receive signal and pass it through axon to other cells |
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| a specialized center of body function composed of many types of tissues |
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| the integration of several organs-enables the body to perform specific body functions |
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| one of the two organ systems that directly regulate other systems, internal regulatory system, composed of glands, secrete hormones, pheromones. Includes the pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal gland, pancreas, gonads. |
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| coordinates body activities by detecting stimuli, integrating information and directing the bodys responses, contains the CNS and PNS |
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| protection against mechanical injury, infection, dehydration; thermo regulation (skin) |
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| locomotion and other movement |
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| gas exchange (uptake of oxygen; disposal of carbon dioxide) |
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| internal distribution of materials |
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| body support, protection of internal organs, movement |
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| a system of vessels and nodes that returns fluid to the bloodstream |
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| body defense (fighting infections and cancer) |
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| disposal of metabolic wastes; regulation of osmotic balance of blood |
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| food processing (ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination) |
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| processes information and sends signals to PNS (brain and spinal cord) |
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| peripheral nervous system |
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| transmits information between CNS and other parts of the body |
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| neuron cells bodies, dendrites (meat, CNS) [outer part of brain] |
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| axons with mylein sheaths (connections, CNS) [inner part of brain, majority] |
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| control of smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, glands |
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| control of skeletal muscule (voluntary movements) |
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| regulate body activities such as digestion, metabolism, growth rate, reproduction, heart rate and water balance. Internal communicatiors |
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| external communicators between organisms of the same species |
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| stimulates growth and metabolism, controls timing of sexual development, regulates other glands (thyroid, adrenal), osmotic balance |
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| melatonin, biorhythms stimulated by light/dark cycles |
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| regulates metabolism, lowers calcium levels in blood which is important for nerve function, stimulated by TSH which is produced by pituitary |
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| raise blood glucose, constrict vessels, metabolism, ion balance, responds to short term stress and long term stress |
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| regulates blood glucose, insulin reduces glucose, glucagon increases glucose levels |
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| ovaries and testis, gamete productin and development, secondary sec characteristics |
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| where mother's and offspring's blood mix, provide nutrients/remove waste |
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| one of the four steps of the digestive system, take in food, eat |
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| release nutrients throughout body |
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| alternating contraction and relaxing of muscles that push food through digestive tract |
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| produces bile to digest fats, removes toxins, alters nutrient balance of blood |
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| small area before colon, where fermentation happens |
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| internal steady state. Maintains internal conditions within a range where life's metabolic process can occur. Every organism's goal |
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| all the chemical reactions in the body that sustain life |
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| negative feedback mechanism |
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| a control mechanism that reduces the stimulus that caused it |
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| positive feedback mechanism |
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| a control mechanism that increases the stimulus that caused it |
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| cyclic alterations in metabolism that occur roughly every 24 hours |
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| the gradual process of adjusting to changes in the external environment, individually, migrate, it is NOT passed onto offspring |
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| action by muscles, controlled by the nervous system, in repsonse to a stimulus |
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| an environmental cue/condition that elicits a response |
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| a sequence of unlearned (instinctive) acts directly linked to a simple stimulus, unchangeable, and carried out to completion |
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| a regular, long-distance change in location |
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| the transmission and reception of signals between animals |
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| a stimulus transmitted from one animal to another |
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| behavior that is developmentally fixed, inherited, instinctive (fixed action patterns, reflexes) |
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| behavior modified by specific experiences (imprinting-baby ducks) |
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| the formation at a specific stage in life of a long-lasting behavioral response to a particular individual or object [hatchling birds] |
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| a limited period of time in which imprinting can occur |
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| the establishment of a memory that reflects the environment's spatial arrangement, identify objects in environment, geography |
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| a knowledge of the spatial relationships between objects in an animal's surroundings |
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| the ability to associate one environmental feature with another |
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| the process of knowing that involves awareness, reasoning, recollection and judgement |
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| the process of devising a strategy to overcome an obstacle |
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| learning by observing others |
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| a system of information transfer through observation or teaching that influences behavior of individuals in a population [nurture] |
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| includes recognizing, searching for, capturing, and eating food items [obtain food] |
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| views foraging behavior as a compromise between the benefits of nutrition and costs of obtaining food |
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| seeking or attracting mates, competing for mates, choosing among many potential mates |
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| one male and one female mate and remain together for an extended period of time, form a pair bond, investment required |
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| an individual of one sex mates and remains with many of the other sex |
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| mates do not remain together |
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| energy, resources, and time spent ensuring the young survive |
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| a behavior that reduces an individual's chance of survival, while increasing another's [selfless behavior] |
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| a group of individuals of a single species living in the same general area |
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| the number of individuals perunit area or volume |
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| the pattern of spacing among indviduals within the boundaries of the population |
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| the influx of new individuals from other areas |
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| the movement of individuals out of a population |
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| the study of the vital statistics of a population and how they change over time |
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| a group of individuals of the same age |
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| a graphic way of representing the data in a life table |
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| exponential population growth |
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Definition
| population increase under idealized conditions |
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| the maximum population size the environment can support |
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| logistic population growth |
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| the per capita rate of increase declines as carrying capacity is reached |
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| comprises the traits that affect its schedule of reproduction and survival |
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| reproduce once and die- big-bang reproduction |
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| produce offspring repeatedly, repeated reproduction |
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| density-dependent population growth |
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Definition
| birth and death rates are an example of negative feedback that regulated population growth |
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| groups of populations linked by immigration and emigration |
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| summarized the aggregate land and water area needed to sustain the people of a nation |
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| What are the characteristics of vertebrata? |
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Definition
| a neural crest, craniates, vertebral column, endoskeleton, pharyngeal slits, more complex brains and organ systems |
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Definition
| skeletal support of pharyngeal slits |
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| Describe the series of evolutionary steps by which vertebrates adapted to land. |
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Definition
| lobe finned fishes have lungs and muscular limbs that transformed into amphibians |
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| How/why did bird feathers evolve? |
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Definition
| from the scales of fish, for insulation |
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| What's the advantage and disadvantage of being endothermic? |
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Definition
| can control body temperature and don’t have to rely on the environment--requires energy |
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| What are the evolutionary trends seen in the evolution of humans from an ape-like ancestor? |
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Definition
| reducing jaw and canines, adaptations for bidpedalism, tool use, and increasing brain size |
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| Give some examples of how form and function are related in animals? |
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Definition
| animal form is the result of natural selection and serves a specific function, diversity of animal forms reflects the diversity of selective pressures in the envionment |
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| How are the endocrine system and the nervous system alike? |
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Definition
| they both are directly involved in regulating all other systems |
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| How are the functions of the male and female reproductive systems similar? how are they different? |
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Definition
| both produce gametes and sex hormones, female: produce and care, male: fertilize |
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| What are some ways that the digestive systems of animals have evolved to consume different food sources? |
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Definition
| differentiation of teeth and size of cecum |
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| How is acclimatization different from adaptation? |
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Definition
| adaptation is inherited, acclimatization is at the individual level and not passed onto offspring |
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| How can our behaviors help us to maintain homeostasis? |
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| add clothing when cold, drink water when dehydrated, eat when calories are low, urinate when bladder is full |
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| What are Tinbergen's 4 questions and how do they help us to understand behavior? |
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| 1. What is the stimulus and physiological mechanism of repsonse? 2. Is the behavior affected by the animal's past experiences? 3. How does the behavior enhance survial or reproduction? 4. What is the behavior's evolutionary history? |
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| In what ways do animals communicate and why? |
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Definition
| send and receive signals by visual, chemical, audio, or tactile |
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| What aspects of human behavior and the human brain seem to be unique setting us apart from other animals? |
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Definition
| we have no limitations when it comes to associative learning. We are capable of learning and applying what we have learned to a different situation |
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| What factors affect the level of parental care males give to their offspring? |
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Definition
| certainty of paternity: internal vs external fertilization |
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| What is meant by "a trade-off between survival and reproduction?" |
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Definition
| when organisms live in familiar groups they are helping their own genes to survive even if they specifically are not reproducing |
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| What factors affect density-dependent population growth? |
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Definition
| competition for resources, territoriality, disease, predation, toxic wastes and intrinsic factors |
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