What is a fossil?

a. a species that is adapted to a past environment (maladapted to the current environment)

b. an extinct species

c. a compression, mold, permineralized, or intact specimen

d. any trace of an organism that lived in the past

Why is there an abundance bias in the fossil record?

a. fossils of more recent species are more abundant than older speciemens

b. species with hard parts are more likely to leave fossil evidence

c. species with large populations are most likely to leave fossil evidence

d. individuals fossilize more readily in wet, "depositional" environments

Why is there a taxonomic bias in the fossil record?

a. individuals fossilize more readily in wet, "depostional" environments

b. species with large populations are most likely to leave fossil evidence

c. fossils of more recent species are more abundant than other specimens

d. species with hard parts are more likely to leave fossil evidence

Why is there temporal bias in the fossil record?

a. species with large populations are more likely to leave fossil evidence

b. species with hard parts are more likely to leave fossil evidence

c. individuals fossilize more readily in wet, "depositional" environments

d. fossils of more recent species are more abundant than other specimens

Why is there a habitat bias in the fossil record?

a. species with large populations are most likely to leave fossil evidence

b. fossils of more recent speices are more abundant than older specimens

c. individuals fossilize more readily in wet, "depositional" environments

d. species with hard parts are more likely to leave fossil evidence

About when did the first limbs evolve in tetrapods (land-dwelling vertebrates)?

a. ~365 million years ago

b. Carboniferous Period

c. 299 mya

For a period in Earth history, there was a single ocean and a single continent. When did this occur?

a. A period centering on about 225 million years ago

b. Pangea

c. Throughout the Mesozoic Era

d. Throughout the Phanerzoic Eon

In what sense are the sources of data on whale evolution, listed on p.452-453, independent of each other?

a. Each species of whale evolved independently of all other species

b. the data come from different sources, and are generated by independant processes

c. they do not relate to one another, and thus are considered independent

d. the fossils come from different time periods

What caused the natural selection to produce the changes recorded in Figure 25.11?

a. Some individuals in certain ancestral mammal populations had traits that allowed them to thrive in aquatic habitats

b. individuals with larger body size had higher fitness (note the changes in the scale bars)

c. trait loss is inevitable- if you don't use it, you lose it

What is synapomorphy?

a. a group that includes a common ancestor and all of its descendant species

b. a trait that is similar in 2 or more species because it is derived from a trait that existed in a common ancestor

c. a trait that is similar in all of the species found in a paraphyletic group

d. a trait that is similar in 2 or more species because it is a response to natural selection in similar environments

Why do synamorphies arise during evolution?

a. they don't- they are an artificial catergory of traits that biologists use to identify monophyletic groups

b. when a new species begins evolving independently, novel traits arise which are then passed on to its descendant

c. convergent evolution (natural selection in similar environments)

d. they can be mapped on a tree, by marking branches at points where they originated

What does it mean to say that one phylogenetic tree is more parsimonious thatn another?

a. It is smaller (there are fewer species involved)

b. There are fewer unresolved branches (fewer polytomies- points where the order of branching can't be determined)

c. Fewer changes have to occur to make the origin of traits fit on the tree

d. there are fewer branches

Is it correct to claim that traits always become more complex or specializded over time?

a. no because mutation and genetic drift introduce a random component into evolution

b. yes because traits are always derived from pre-existing traits

c. yes because under natural selection, complex or specialized traits are favored over simple or generalized traits

d. no because it is common to observe that they don't

Which of the following is NOT a key aspect of an adaptive radiation?

a. the descendants represent many species

b. it unfolds gradually, in response to long-term environmental change

c. the descendants make their living in a wide variety of ways

d. the ancestors reprsent one or a small number of species

Why can morphological innovations trigger adaptive radiations?

a. island habiats are often brimming with resources

b. they allow organisms to exploit resources in new ways

c. they are novel traits that affect fitness

d. they allow organisms to exploit resources that are not being used by other organisms

What can ecological oppurtunity trigger in adaptive radiations?

a. they are novel traits that affect fitness

b. island habitats are often brimming with resources

c. they allow organisms to exploit resources in new ways

d. they allow organisms to exploit resources that are not being used by other organisms

What is the logic behind the "new genes, new bodies" hypothesis for the Cambrian explosion?
a. new copies of genes regulate development could make morphological innovations possible

b. most key evolutionary changes occur in the coding regions of genes

c. most key evolutionary changes occur in the regulatory regions of genes

What is the definition of a mass extinction?

a. The Big 5 (5 episodes in the past 542 million years)

b. when objects from space (asteroids, meteoroids, comets, etc) strike Earth and cause rapid and harmful environmental change

c. the opposite of an adaptive radiation

d. "pruning" the tree of life

e. 60% of the species alive are wiped out in less than 1 million years

What's the major difference between background extinction and mass extinction?

a. mass extinctions occur at regular intervals

b. mass extinctions occur when a large number of species are poorly adapted to the environment

c. mass extinction is responsible for most species losses over the history of life

d. mass extinctions are intense but short-lived

In terms of its impact on the array of species present, a mass extinction is most closely analogous to which evolutionary force?

a. selection (increases average fitnesss of species present)

b. gene flow (an influx of alleles/species)

c. mutation (new alleles/species)

d. drift (random changes in which species are present)

The Siberian traps formed at the same time that the end-Permian extinction occured. Why do researchers think that the 2 events might be connected?

a. terrestrial animals would have been restricted to same patches of habitat, because of the magma flow

b. the sulphuric acid, carbon dioxide, and other compounds released would impact the chemistry of the ocean and atmosphere
c. it would make the oceans go anoxic (oxygen-less)- poisoning most marine organisms

d. it would cause sea-level to drop dramatically, reducing habitat for marine organisms

Why is the iridium spike consistent with the impact theory of the K-P extinction?

a. iridium is common in rocks formed throughout the Tertiary Period

b. all other mass extinctions are associated with iridium spikes

c. iridium is common in space rocks

d. the largest iridium deposits on Earth occur in the Yucatan crater

Why is the presence of microtektites in sediments dated to 65 mya consistent with the impact theory for the K-P extinction?

a. they form a known meteorite impact sites

b. they are glass-like particles that cool in air

c. they are found in sediments associated with other mass extinctions

d. they are formed when quartz grains are subjected to intense shock waves

Diversity is

a. number of body plans (phyla)

b. number of species

c. abundance of individuals

d. differences in alleles

disparity is

a. number of body plans (phyla)

b. abundance of individuals

c. difference in alleles

d. number of species

Which of the following is not a component of the rare earth hypothesis?

a. having a Jupiter

b. having a large moon

c. Oxygen

d. right distance from the sun

Which of the following is the most accurate summary of the rare earth hypothesis?

a. life is exceptionally rare due to the number of constraints

b. all life is rare, intelligent life outside of earth is not possible

c. life is common throughout the universe, however intelligent life is rare due to the likelihood of events and conditions occuring

d. space travel is a waste of time and energy because life is rare and we are so far away that finding aliens is improbable

Why are plate tectonics important under this hypothesis?

a. none of the above. plate tectonics has been debunked from this hypothesis

b. plate tectonics provides a mechanism for species isolation

c. Plate tectonics allows for the cycling of minerals and gases (CO2). It acts as a thermostat

d. Plate tectonics is produced by the moon

What would happen if earth was much closer to the center of the galaxy than it currently is?

a. Nothing the habitable zone only refers to the solar system

b. Evolution would occur more slowly due to the gravitational effects of the black hole

c. Earth would experience impact events and gamma rays burst making the formations and maintain of complex life more improbable

d. Earth would be large and have more elements making life more complex and bigger

Steven Jay Gould famously stated to understand how life evolved we must replay the tape. What does replay the tape mean?

a. If one was to rewind all of the events on earth and start at the beginning, what are the chances that everything turns out the exact same

b. making a movie based on the history of life and watching it from the beginning

c. life and the events are predetermined and follow like a recording

d. life is like a tape it keeps replaying over and over again

Why was the evolution of cuticle so important during the evolution of land plants?

a. it drastically reduced rates of water loss on land

b. it allowed the efficient exchange of gases, with CO2 entering and O2 leaving

c. it allowed plants to capture sunlight more effectively on land

d. it protected plants from the damaging effects of high-intensity solar radiation on land

What is the key structural difference between pores and stomata?

a. pores function in gas exchange; guard cells funtion in regulating water loss

b. pores are found on stems; stomata are found on leaves

c. pores are found in all land plants; stomata are found in the more-derived groups

d. pores are openings; stomata have guard cells regulate opening and closing

What is the function of vascular tissue?

a. structural support and water and sap transport

b. structural support only

c. sap (sugars and nutrients) transport

d. water transport

What unique structural feature is shared by tracheids and vessels?

a. they have very few organelles other than the nucleus

b. they are the key components of vascular tissue, meaning that they are in physical contact and function in concert

c. they function in water transport

d. they have a stiff secondary cell wall that is reinforced with the molecule called lignin

What is the key structural difference between tracheids and vessaels?

a. tracheids are found in all vascular plants; vessels are found only in gnetophytes and angiosperms

b. tracheids are found in the fossil record before vessels

c. tracheids are short and wide and have pores (gaps in both primary and secondary cell wall); vessels are long and thin and have pits (gaps in the primary cell wall)

d. tracheids are long and thin and have pits (gaps in the secondary cell wall); vessels are short and wide and have pores (gaps in both primary and secondary cell wall)

Which transports water more efficiently: tracheids or vessels?

a. vessels

b. no difference

c. tracheids

d. they don't transport water- they transport sugar-rich sap

Why do many researchers refer to land plants as the embryophytes?

a. immediately after fertilization, embryos are dispersed from the parent

b. they were the first photosynthetic organisms to have embryos

c. during early development, embryos are retained on the parent

d. their embyos grow on land

What is a pollen grain?

a. a single cell, surrounded by a tough coat, that germinates and grows into an adult

b. a male gamete

c. a structure containing cells that produce sperm, surrounded by a tough protective coat

d. a structure that surrounds and protects the cells that develop into eggs or sperm

e. a structure consisting of an embryo, a supply of nutrients, and a tough protective coat

What is a seed?

a. a single cell, surrounded by a tough coat, that germinates and grows into an adult

b. a structure containing cells that produce sperm, surrounded by a tough protective coat

c. a structure that surrounds and protects the cells that develop into eggs or spem

d. a structure consisting of an embryo, a supply of nutrients, and a tough protective coat

e. a female gamete

What is an angiosperm?

a. a seed plant

b. a vascular plant

c. anything that is not a gymnosperm

d. a flowering plant

What criteria do biologists use to say that an organism is multicellular?

a. differential gene expression: different cells have different structures and functions

b. the key is that cells have to be massed together- so that they are in physical contact

c. the presence of specialized tissues, such as epithelium

According to the tree in Figure 33.2, are sponges monophyletic or paraphyletic?

a. paraphyletic

b. monophyletic

c. you can't tell- you would need more information

What is epithelium?

a. the layer of cells that moves during gastrulation

b. skin

c. a tissue that lines internal or external surfaces in animals

d. one of the embryonic germ layers

What does mesoderm give rise to?

a. the lining of the gut

b. in embryos, an outpocketing of the gut

c. muscles, internal organs, bones

d. skin and associated nerves

What does the ectoderm give rise to?

a. in embryos, an outpocketing of the gut

b. the lining of the gut

c. skin and associated nerves

d. muscles, internal organs, bones

Why was the evolution of bilateral symmetry important?

a. it made the evolution of the coelom possible

b. it made the evolution of metamorphosis possible

c. it was associated with cephalization

d. it made the evolution of mesoderm possible

What is a coelom?

a. the gut

b. a hydrostatic skeleton

c. a fluid-filled cavity lined with mesoderm

d. a tube-within-a-tube body plan

What is gastrulation?

a. cell movements that establish the embryonic tissues layers and the body axes

b. the cell division that occurs after every (or almost every) mitosis

c. a series of cell divisions that divides the fertilized egg into a mass of cells

d. the formation of mesoderm from an outpocketing of the gut

Why was the evolution of the coelom important?

a. it made the evolution of bilateral symmetry possible

b. it could function as a hydostatic skeleton

c. it made the evolution of mesoderm possible

d. it was associated with cephalization

What is the adpative significance of protostome versus deuterostome development?

a. deuterostomes can get larger (overall body size)

b. protostomes develop faster

c. none- they are just different ways of building a triploblastic bilaterian

d. protostomes can undergo metamorphosis

Chordates are distinguished by four traits: pharyngeal gill slits, muscular tail, notocord, and dorsal nerve cord. What is the functional significance of these traits?

a. prey capture (ingestive feeding)

b. filter feeding or breathing, and swimming

c. cephalization (evolution of a distinct head region with sensory appendages)

d. living on land versus water

In vertebrates, what is the dorsal hollow nerve cord?

a. in terrestrial species, it is a vestigal trait

b. in aquatic species, it functions as the precursor to the gills

c. the muscular tail that extends beyond the anus

d. a rod of tissue found in early emryos that organizes cells prior to formation of vertebrae and ribs

e. the spinal cord

In vertebrates, what is the notocord?

a. in terrestrial species, it is a vestigal trait

b. in aquatic species, it functions as the precursor to the gills

c. the muscular tail that extends beyond the anus

d. the spinal cord

e. a rod of tissue found in early embryos that organizes cells prior to formation of vertebrae and ribs

Hagfish, lampreys, and sharks and rays have cartilaginous endoskeletons. Did the first vertebrates have endoskeletons consisitng of cartilage or bone?

a. cartilage

b. the fossil record is not clear on this issue, and the question can't be resolved by analyzing phylogenetic trees

c. bone

What is the adaptive significane of the jaw?

a. increases cephalization

b. makes breathing more efficient

c. makes it possible to open and close mouth

d. makes biting possible

Did lungs first evolve in tetrapods (the first land-dwelling vertebrates)?

a. No- it evolved first in lungfish, which can breathe air at least part of the time

b. Yes- it made air-breathing possible

c. No- it evolved in the first bony vertebrates

Which of the following traits is a synomorphy that identifies the great apes as a monophyletic group?

a. reduction or loss of the tail

b. fist-walking

c. opposable thumbs

d. living in social groups

Honinins are a monophyletic group defined by which shared, derived character?

a. opposable thumbs

b. tool use

c. large brains

d. bipedalism

What is a sagittal crest?

a. a flange on the skull that furnishes attachment sites for chewing muscles

b. the extremely wide morals on some fossil hominins

c. widened cheek bones that furnish attachment sites for chewing muscles

d. a flange on the lower jaw that furnishes attachment sites for chewing muscles

Species in which of the following groups were the first to unequivocally use stone tools?

a. Paranthropus

b. recent Homo

c. early Homo

d. Australopithecus

What is sexual selection?

a. selection that favors the strongest, most dominant males

b. selection on the structure or function of reproductive cells, tissues, and organs

c. selection for alleles associated with success in courtship or mating

d. selection that favors sexual reproduction (production of genetically diverse offspring)

In many or most animals, females are larger than males. Most animals are insects and in many insects, females tend to be much larger than males because they are under strong selection for producing large numbers of eggs, and larger females can produce more eggs. Is this an example of sexual selection?

a. Yes, because it's an example of sexual size dismorphism

b. No- sexual selection is about differential successin acquiring mates

c. Yes- sexual selection is about differential reproductive success

d. No- sexual selection does not occure in insects

If you found an animal species that you had never seen before, how would you determine if the individuals that you have are male or female?

a. Examine the gametes that it produces; eggs are large and sperm are small

b. If it is large and has extreme traits (color, horns, song, or other), then it is likely to be male

c. You can't tell until you observe mating occur

d. Check its chromosomes- it will be XX if female and XY if male

In most species, why does sexual selection act more strongly on males than females?

a. Compared to females, males tend to be much less choosey about who they are willing to mate with

b. There are fewer males than females

c. There are fewer females than males

d. Males have higher variation in RS. Traits that confer an advantage in courtship have a huge effect on fitness

Which of the following phrases best captures the fundamental asymmetry of sex?

a. males are often bigger and more colorful

b. nepotism occurs in nature

c. eggs are expensive, sperm are cheap

d. you scratch my back, I'll scratch yours

Experiments have shown that in many bird species, females prefer to mate with males with bright, showy feathers. Why?

a. Males with bright feathers provide females with the food they need to lay eggs, as well as help with feeding young

b. Only healthy males can grow bright feathers, so females are choosing good alleles for their offspring

c. Their courtship can be seem from a longer distance away

d. The bright feathers assure the female that the male is actually of the same species

Some female insects copulate while eating a "nuptial gift"- a prey item or other large packet of food provided by the courting male. When this occurs, what do they gain?

a. The best alleles for their offspring

b. Sperm from more than one male, increasing the probability that sperm will compete

c. Sperm from more than one male, increasing the probability that all eggs will be fertilized

d. resources required to produce eggs

What is kin selection?

a. The combination of direct and indirect fitness

b. indirect fitness

c. Selection based on an exchange of fitness benefits between individuals, seperated in time

d. Selection that affects the reproductive success of close relatives (shared alleles)

In Hamilton's rule, what do B, C, and r stand for?

a. B= benefit of recipient, C= cost to actor, r= coefficient of relatedness between actor and recipient

b. B= benefit to actor, C= cost to recipient, r= cofficient of relatedness between actor and recipient

c. B= benefits, C= costs, r= reproductive success

d. B= benefit to kin, C= cost ot kin, r= closeness of kinship

What does the coefficient of relatedness describe?

a. the probability that alleles in two individuals are identical by descent

b. the probability that an allele contributes to altruistic behavior

c. the probability that alleles in two individuals are identical

d. the probability that an allele for altruism will increase in frequency

[image]

Why does the cartoon illustrate why purely altruistic (self-sacrificing) behavior can't evolve?

a. the population benefits when individuals sacrifice themselves

b. this is an example of reciprocal altruism

c. alleles for "inner tubes" will increase in frequency

d. this is an example of kin selection

What is "reciprocal" about reciprocal altruism?

a. It is reciprocal in the sense that one individual benefits much more than the other

b. The interacting individuals are both related

c. There is an exchange of fitness benefits, though seperated in time

d. The interacting individuals become related, as the result of the interaction

Whales and dolphins have almost no body hair. Neither do humans. Is hair loss in these two groups homologous or did it evolve independently?  

a. Indpendent- humans and whales/dolphins are not closely related (their common ancestor had lots of hair)

b. Homologous- it is unlikely to see similar traits like these evolve independently

c. Independent- humans and whales/dolphins are both mammals

d. Homologous- mutations in the same genes are responsible for hair loss in both groups

Which group is more closely related to mammals: Frogs/toads/salamanders or Lizards/snakes?

[image]

a. Same- they are both the same distance from mammals on the tree

b. Lizards/snakes- they are closer on the tree

c. Lizards/snakes- they share a more recent common ancestor with mammals

d. Frogs/toads/salamanders- they are the more ancient group

Which group is more closely related to mammals: Lizards/snakes or Birds?

[image]

a. Neither- mammals are much more advanced (in terms of intelligence and morphological complexity) than either group

b. Lizards/snakes- they are closer on the tree

c. Same- the most recent common ancestor of mammals and lizards/snakes is the same as that for mammals and birds

d. Birds- they are bipedal endotherms (warm-blooded), like some mammals (e.g. humans)

Which tree is the better representation of evolutionary history?

[image]

 a. Right- it shows that mammals are more similar to birds (both are warm-blooded) than they are to the other groups

b. Right- mammals are much more derived/advanced so should go at the end of the tree

c. Left- it shows the steady progression from frogs/toads/salamanders to birds, which fly

d. No difference- the two trees represent the same evolutionary history

What is r?

a. net reproductive rate

b. the per capita rate of increase

c. fertility rate

d. the finite growth rate

e. intrinsic rate of increase

Which of the following is a common cause of density independent growth?

a. an extremely high max (intrinsic rate of increase)

b. colonizing a new habitat

c. increases in predation or parasitism rate

d. lack of food or other resources

How is exponential growth defined?

a. continous growht

b. density-dependent growth

c. no change in r through time

d. extremely rapid growth

What is carrying capacity?

a. the maximum population size in a population that cycles over time

b. the balance between emigration rate and immigration rate

c. the maximum number of individuals that can be supported by the resources in a habitat

d. the predation rate in a population

What is lambda?

a. the finite growth rate

b. the per-capita rate of increase

c. intrinsic rate of increase

d. net reproductive rate

e. fertility rate

 a. r gives the instantaneous growth rate; lambda gives the growth rate over a discrete time interval

b. r gives the maximum growth rate; lambda gives the current growth rate

c. r gives the growth rate for a population; lambda gives the growth rate for a species

d. r is calculated from life tablets; lambda is calculated from observed population size

What is the natural log of 150?

a. 2.718

b. 5

c. 150

d. 2.18

e. 1.4 x 10^65

What is the natural logarithm of e^6.5?

a. 1.872

b. 2.718

c. 665.1

d. 6.5

What is the natural logarithm of 6.5?

a. 665.14

b. 1.87

c. 6.5

d. 0.813

What does it mean to say that a population "cycles?"

a. the growth rate (r) is density independent

b. population size goes through a regular high-low fluctuation

c. population size is steady through time (at carrying capacity)

d. the growth rate (r) is density dependent

What is a fitness trade-off?

a. traits that lead to acclimation, but not adaptation

b. an inevitable compromise between competing demands on different aspects of fitness

c. when two or more traits affect fitness at the same time- for example, choosing "good genes" and resources provided by a mate

d. an exchange of benefits between individuals, that results in fitness increases for both

 a. it has survived and produced offspring

b. it has adapted (changed behavior or physiology)

c. its phenotype has changed

d. it has adapted (has high fitness alleles)

What is demography?

a. a measure of a species' range (geographic location of individuals)

b. the use of mark-recapture studies in natural populations

c. the study of changes in population size and structure

d. a measurement of population density (number of individuals per unit area)

What is demography?

a. a measure of a species' range (geographic location of individuals)

b. the use of mark-recapture studies in natural populations

c. the study of changes in population size and structure

d. a measurement of population density (number of individuals per unit area)

How long is a generation?

a. it depends on environmental conditions- longer in poor conditions and shorter in optimal conditions

b. about 22 years, on average

c. the average time between a female's first offspring and her daughter's first offspring

d. it depends on the species and population in question; e.g. 20 minutes in bacteria versus 10 days in fruit flies

What is fecundity?

a. a group of offspring of the same age that can be followed over time

b. the group of individuals of a particular age

c. the average number of female offspring produced by a female, over her lifetime

d. the proportion of offspring produced that survive, on average, to a certain age

When biologists study life history, what is the central issue they are trying to address?

a. variatoin in how early development occurs (events right after fertilization, cleavage, and gastrulation)

b. in a life table, what is the combination of survival and fecundity?

c. variation in egg size versus egg number

d. variation in the allocation of resources to growth and reproduction versus survival/longevity

Which of the following has already peaked?

a. human population size

b. doubling time for the human population

c. human population growth rate

What conclusions can you draw from Figure 54.12, which shows changes in the world population over time?

a. human population growth accelerated dramatically in the mid-1950s

b. the 1918 "Spanish flu" had dramatic impacts on human population growth

c. the human population is approaching Earth's carrying capacity

d. World War 1 and World War 2 had dramatic impacts on human population growth

e. the AIDS epidemic has had dramatic impacts on human population growth

According to the figure in the text, about how large will the world human population be in 2050 if the current average fertility rate does not change?

a. 10.1 billion

b. 8.1 billion

c. 10.8 billion

d. 9.2 billion

What is replacement rate?

a. an average fertility rate that leads to a negative r (population decrease)

b. an r that can remain steady (unchanged) over time, in a particular habitat

c. an average fertility rate that leads to an r of 0

d. an r (instantaneous growth rate) that is equal to lambda (discrete growth rate)

For human populations in the industrialized world, what fertility rate represents the “replacement rate?”

a. 1.7

b. 2.0

c. 2.5

d. 2.1

e. 1.0