Phylum Basidomycota 

4 Examples

and Common Name

Common Name: Club fungi 

Mushrooms 

Bracket Fungus or shelf fungus 

Puffballs 

smuts 

Rusts 

Phylum Myxomycota 

Common Name

Physarum 

2 Characteristics 

1) organism in moist forest floors that derives its nutrition by ingesting decaying plant material. 

2) the plasmodium transforms into stalked sporangia when conditions for growth become unfavorable. 

Phylum OOmycota 

Common Name 

Water Molds-OOmycota 

4 types/examples 

1) phytophthora 

2) achlya 

3) downy mildews

4) saprolegnia 

Ecological Roles of Fungi

(two)

Phylum Ascomycota

1. type of hyphae

2. how many species

1. septate hyphae

2. 65,000 species

Puffballs

phylum:

*

Basidiomycota

can eat

Basidiomycota Sexual Life Cycle

*no what?

gametes -> zygotes -> meiosis-> meiospores->

mitosis -> hypae ->

*no asexual reproduction

Achlya

Phylum:

a common ______

Oomycota

a common saprobe

Characteristics of lichen

1. live in

2. aka

1. harsh environments (can tolarate little water)

2. reindeer moss

Phylum Bryophyta

1. Gametophyte generation is _________.

2. Sporophyte generation is _________.

3. No _________.

4. Lives _________

1. Gametophyte dominate

2. Sporophyte less seen

3. No vascular tissue

4. Lives in moist situations near the ground

Phylum Oomycota

1. Common name

2. Type of hyphae

3. Cell walls made of

4. Heterotrophic by

5. Spore ->

1. Water molds

2. aseptate

3. cellulose

4. heterotrophic by absorption

5. spore-> motile (flagellates)

Bracket Fungus or Shelf Fungus

phylum:

aka

basidiomycota

Wood-rooting fungi

Mucor

Phylum:

Commonly found where:

Zygomycota

fruits and bread

"baby plants" dependant on other tissues

(heterotrophic)

Mushrooms

Found as ______ in soil. Main body is the  _______, which occurs _______.

Amanita

Phylum:

Common Name:

Found as saprobes in soil. Main body is themycelium, which occurs underground.

Basidiomycota

Death Angel

extremely poisonous

Diffusion

Molecules are always in ___________

by _________ ___________.

Molecules move from a _________ concentratin to a __________ concentration.

Diffusion

Molecules are always in motion by

thermal agitation.

Molecules move from a higher concentrations to a

lower concentration.

tips/ where mitosis takes place

Megasporangium

A part of ______

-________ embryo

- has ____ and a protective covering aka ____ ____

Xylem

A ______ tissue that transports water and minerals from roots to other parts of the plant

Vessel element

-4

archegonia

anteridia

eggs

sperm

Phylum Zygomycota sexual life cycle

(zygomycetes/fungus)

gamates -> symgamy -> zygote ->

meiosis or zygospore->

4 haploid cells (meiospores) -> mitosis ->

hyphae -> mycelium

->

Vascular Plant Characteristics

1. gametophyts is:

2. sporophyte is:

3. Contains _______ _______
- simple:

-complex:

tissue-

1. gametophyts is: inconspicuous

2. sporophyte is: dominate

3. Contains vascular tissue
- simple: one cell type

-complex: more than one cell type

tissue- a group of cells performing common functions.

Horsetail characteristics

1. _____ photosynthetic stem

2.___phylls

3. sporangia grouped into ____-like structures called _________.

4. ______ in stems aka _____ ______

1. segmented photosynthetic stem

2. megaphylls

3. sporangia grouped into cone-like structures

called strobilus.

4. Silica in stems aka scouring rushes

multicellular gametangia

Penicillium

Phylum:

Antibiotic:

Food:

Ascomycota

penicillin

Flavor and aroma to some cheese

Phylum Coniferophyta

Group:

Common Name:

Seeds: enclosed?

Seed Plants

Conifers/ gymnosperms

seeds are not enclosed "naked seed"

Name two plants that are homosporous

Define homosporous

Ferns and mosses

spores are the same size

Solution = ? + ?

What is the most important solvent on earth?

Solution = solvent + solute

Water

Phylum Coniferophyta

1. typically ____/____,______

2. largest group of:

3. leaves:

4. habitat:

1. typically trees/shrubs, evergreens

2. largest group of: gynosperms

3. leaves: needle-like, scale-like

4. habitat:  wide range: cold to moist to arid

Seed Plant Characteristics

1. Sporophyte:

2. Gametophyte:

3. Xylem, Phloem, Roots, Stem, Leaves

1. dominate

2. inconspicuous

megaphylls

microphylls

"large leaves"

comples

more vascular tissue (veiny leaves)

single vein

Hypotonic causes a plant cell

to become _________.

This is perferred for plants.

Osmosis

The _________ of a __________

across a __________

_________ membrane.

The diffusion of a solvent

across a selectively

permeable membrane.

Phylum Anthophyta

Group:

Common Name:

aka _________ "____ _____"

Phylum Anthophyta

Group: Seed Plants

Common Name: Flowering Plants

aka Angiosperms "contains seeds"

Gametophytes in seed plants (megaspore)

aka:

Never leaves the:

Gametophytes in seed plants (megaspore)

aka: megagametophte/ eggs

Never leaves the: sporophyte

Name two saprobes

Name two mutualism type organisms

1. fungi and bacteria

2. lichens and mycorrhizae

Downy Mildews

Phylum:

important plant _______

e.g., _______

Oomycota

important plant pathogens

e.g., grapes

Costs of terrestrial life

4

1. Can float in water (plants must have cells/tissues for support)

2. cells/tissues needed for aquiring and retaining water

3. environmental extremes are more likely

4. reproduction must be air-based

Phylum Lycophyta

Group:

Common Name:

1. ____phylls

2. __________ stems

3. sporangia- _______ (cone-like structures)

Seedless Vascular Plants

Club Mosses

1. Microphylls with white tips

2. photosynthetic stems

3. sporangia- strobili (cone-like structures)

Pilobolus

Phylum:

Common name:

*

Zygomycota

Cap-Thrower Fungus

*Decomposes animal dung

"fruiting body"

macroscopic, mushrooms

(basidiomycota)

Athlete's Foot

Ringworm

Phylum:

**

Ascomycetes

AF- flourish under warm, wet conditions

RW- ring-shaped lesions

Peziza

1. Phylum

2. Common Name

1. Ascomycota

2. Cup Fungus

Phylum Basidiomycota

1. common name

2. type of hyphae

3. number of species

1. Club Fungi/ basidiomycetes

2. septate hyphae

3. 30,000

Gametophytes in seed plants (microspore)

aka:

function:

aka:

dependent on:

Gametophytes in seed plants (microspore)

aka: pollen

function: produces sperm

aka: microgametophytes

dependent on: the sporophyte that produced i

Seeds

contains a complete _______ plant sporophyte (_ ______)

dormant for _____

Mechanisms for dispersal

contains a complete multicellular plant sporophyte (a baby)

dormant for years

Mechanisms for dispersal: fruits, air, burs, animals/insects

Phylum Myxomycota

Heterotrophic by _______. "Giant _____," ability to _______ _____ __ ________. Cell wall?

Multi-________.

Heterotrophic by ingestion (phagocytosis). "Giantamoeba," ability to produce spores in sporangia, no cell wall "shape shifter." Multi-nucleate.

Plasmodium

membrane has pores

* allows the passage of the solvent, but not the solute.

Phytophthora

Phylum:

aka:

Oomycota

Potato Blight

*Irish Famine, million people died, still an important plant pathogen.

Dutch Elm Disease & Chestnut Blight

phylum:

*

Ascomycota

plant pathogens

1. Fuzzy

2. Tubular structures

3. Filamentous

Rhizopus

Phylum:

Common name:

Zygomycota

Black Bread Mold

*numerous spherical balck asexual sporangia develop in addition to the sexual structures (zygospores).

Morchella

Phylum:

Common name:

*

Ascomycota

Moral

*edible ascocarp-- not a mushroom but looks like one

Yeasts

Phylum:

Valuable for:

Ascomycota

Valuable for fermentation (glucose-> alcohol + CO2 + energy)

*1800s people realized it was a living organism

Benefits of Terrestrial Life

(4)

1. more light on land vs. water

2. CO2 is more abundant and more easily diffused

3. more nutriants/minerals in soil

4. (At time of evolution of plants) less compition for life on land

1. Eurkarytic

2. Autotrophic

3. Complex Multicellular

4. mostly terrestial

5. apical meristems

6. alternation of generations

7. walled spores (meiospores)

8. multicellular gametangia

Fungus-like Protists

Name 2 Phylums

and their common name

Phylum Myxomycota- true slime molds

Phylum Oomycota- water molds

"fungus- roots"

hyphae + roots

Ergot

Phylum:

*

aka

Ascomycota

Purple bodies, produce lysergic acid (LSD)

aka St. Anthony's Fire in Middle Ages

Fungi have

cell walls composed of __________.

Phloem

Function:

Tissue is:

- 6

Function: transports food down

Complex tissue

-thin cell walls

- perforated end plate

- barely alive

-no nucleus

-food flows through cytoplasm

-has a companion cell that keeps it alive

Ferns, Horsetails, and club mosses

Dominated the earth 300 million years ago

called the _____ period.

Died and became ____ ______.

Dominated the earth 300 million years ago

called the carboniferous period.

Died and became fossil fuels.

Phylum Ascomycota

sexual life cycle

gametes-> symgamy-> zygotes-> meiosis->

meiospores (ascospores) -> mitosis -> hypae ->

mycelium

->

Plants average psi

vs cars average psi

plants- 75- 220 psi

cars- 30 psi

Aspergillus

Phylum:

Function:

ascomycete

ferments soybeans to make soy sause

some species contaminate grain and peanuts producing cancer-causing aflatoxins

ascomycete + green algae =

Ascomycete provides ____ for GA and vise vers

Lichen!

Ascomycete provides shelter and water, green algae provides (food by photosynthesis) sugar

Characteristics of P. Anthophyta

1. Largest group of plants

2. Very diverse group

-herbaceous (________)

-tree/shrubs (______)

3. Mostly ______

4. Leave size:

5. Sexes may be ______ or ______

6. Habitat:

Characteristics of P. Anthophyta

1. Largest group of plants

2. Very diverse group

-herbaceous (non woody)

-tree/shrubs (woody)

3. Mostly terrestrial

4. Leave size: tiny to huge

5. Sexes may be together or seperate

6. Habitat: temperate environment

Fungi are

heterotrophic by ____________,

____karyotic, and

_____cellular

Fungi are

heterotrophic by absorbtion,

eukaryotic, and

multicellular

Hypotonic

A lot of _______,

less ______.

Too much water

animal cell will:

plant cell will:

A lot of water,

less solute.

Too much water

animal cell will: explode

plant cell will: push back

Bryrophyta Ecology

Mosses and lichens are ________

species.  Which means they were the first species to inhabit bare _______.

Produce acids + rock = ____

Mosses and lichens are pioneer

species. Which means they were the first species

to inhabit bare land.

Produce acids + rock = soil

coenocytic hyphae

reproduce by __________,

multi________

aseptate

reproduce by mitosis w/o cytokinesis

multi-nucleate

Candida albicans

aka

shoots

roots

above ground portion of the plant

below ground portion

Phylum Pterophyta

Group:

Common Name:

Stem and roots are ______. Leave aka _____, stem aka _____. Sporangia is located _____ _______.

Seedless Vascular Plants

Ferns and Horsetails

Stem and roots are underground. Leave akafrands, stem aka rhizome. Sporangia is locatedunder leaves.

septate hyphae

seperated by ________

grows by ________ and _________.

multi __________.

cellular cross-walls

seperated by septum

grows by mitosis and cytokinesis

multicellular

Physarum

Phylum

Characteristics

-where it is common, derives nutrition from, transforms into ? during unfavorable conditions

Myxomycota

Common organism in moist forest floors, derives nutrition by ingesting decaying plants. Transforms into stalked sporangia when conditions are unfavorable.

Hypertonic

high ______, little ______.

Animal cell ________ __.

Plant cell ______.

Hypertonic

high solute, little solvent.

Animal cell shrivals up.

Plant cell wilts.

Smuts & Rusts

Phylum:

Characteristics:

Basidiomycota

Both Parasites

Smuts- produces black basidiocarps on ears of corn

Rusts- requires two host organisms, complex life cycle

The Life Cycle of Plants

Alteration of Generations

Multicellular Haploid Plant Body (Gametophyte) -> mitosis -> syngamy -> zygote -> mitosis -> Multicellular Diploid Plant Body (Sporophyte- produces spores) -> sporangium-> meiosis of cells inside sporangium -> mitosis ->

*plants have all the same life cycle!

Isosontic is _______ solvent and solute.

Preferred in animal cells.

Plant cell has _____ pressure.

same

little

Adult fungi are ________ and

exhibit ________ sexual lifestyle.

Saprolegnia

Phylum:

Lives in ______,

observed on _______ _______ _________.

e.g., ______ (_____)

Lives in water, observed on decomposing aquatic animals.

e.g., fish (ich).

Characteristics of Phylum Zygomycota

aka-

1. type of hyphae

2. how many species

aka zygomycetes

1. Aspetate Hyphae

2. 1000

Fungi reproduce __________ (__________)

and produce ___________.

Fungi reproduce asexually (mitosis)

and produce spores

"fruiting body"

macroscopic, mushrooms

(basidiomycota)

1) Petals 

2) stem 

3) stamen 

4) anther 

5)filament 

6)Stigma

7)Pistil/Carpel

8)Style

9)Ovaries 

10)Ovule 

11)sepal 

How does each of the following occur?

Gametophytes

Sporophytes

Meiospores

Zygote

What is the cycle that these are involved in?

Gametophytes: Formed from haploid mitosis

Sporophytes: Formed from diploid mitosis from a zygote.

Meiospores: Produced in specialized parts of the sporophyte, these are produced through meiosis. These are haploid spores.

Zygote: Formed through syungamy/fertilization by the uniting of gametes.

Alternation of Generations

This has both diploid and haploid mitosis.

The result is a multicellular haploid plant body(gametophyte) and a multicellular diploid plant body(sporophyte).

Asexual: Mostly Monera, Protista, and Fungi

Problem: The produced organism is genetically identical to the parent. This homogenous population is severly limited in their ability to compete in changing environments.

Typically conifers(cone bearing) and gymnospores(naked seeds).

1. Largest group of gymnospores

2. Typically trees and shrubs

3. Typically evergreenLeaves are needle-like or scale-like

5. Live in a wide range of environments

6. NAKED SEEDS

7. Examples: Yews, junipers, fir, pine, cedar, spruce, hemlock

Male cones are smaller and females are larger. The males are generally found at the bottom of the organism. Male gametophyte has the pollen/sperm. Beneath the modified leaves. Female never leaves the tree.

Cool/Special Fact: Jack Pine females open due to extreme heat, such as fire.

Diffusion:

Osmosis:

Diffusion is the movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration until equilibrium is achieved. This can occur with any type of molecule.

Osmosis is the diffusion of water accross a differentially(or selectively) permeable membrane. A differentially permeable membrane allows the passage of the solvent(liquid) but not the solute(solid).

What does the fingers on your hand represent?

1) thumb

2) index

3) middle 

4) ring 

5) pinky 

1) Prokaryotes (monera) 

2) animal kingdom 

3)Plants 

4)fungi 

5)protists 

1)autotrophic by photosynthesis 

2) heterotrophic by abosrbtion 

3)heterotrophic by ingestion 

1) How many know groups of animals ?

How many percent are worms?

1) 33 groups 

2) 39%

is solving problems of existence easy for worms?

If yes, Why?

Diploid sex cycle

starting with a multicellular diploid animal body. 

Diploid animal body->meiosis->meiosis of cells inside ovaries and testes ->(it takes place to make sperm and eggs)->syngamy->produce zygote(diploid)->mitosis and gets you a fetus. 

They either fuse or die. 

Mitosis only occurs in Diploid. 

What is Cleavage?

what is the function?

it is a rapid series of mitotic divison that immediately follows syngamy. 

to sub-divide the embryos into more cell embryos.

Phylum Cnidaria

Level of Organizatoin:

Habitat:

# of Species:

Size:

Symmetry:

Germlayers:

Unique Cell Type:

Level of Organizatoin: Tissue

Habitat: Aquatic, mostly marine

# of Species: ~9500

Size: Ranges from small hydras to sea blubbler (3.5 meters long)

Symmetry: Radial

Germlayers: 2 (diploplastic)

Unique Cell Type: Cnidocyte

Cnidocytes

What Phylum are they specific to?

Where are they located?

What are they used for?

They are specific to Cnidarians

They are located all over the cnidarian,but are more specific to the tentacles.

They are used for protection and for killing/capturing prey

Cnidocytes

How many times can one single one be used?

What happens after they are used?

Cnidoocytes

What does it take to discharge one?

Two things:

1. A physical touch

2. Chemicals that say "I'm alive!"

They are carnivivorous.

The food is taken into the GVC(gastro vascular cavity), enzyms are secreted, and leads to extracellular digestion.

What suskeletal support do Cnidarians have?

Why?

They have a hydrostatic skeleton.

Due to water pressure, the fact that fluids cannot be compressed, and this allows the animal to be erect, upright and supported.

Nervous System of Phylum Cnidarians

What do they consist of?

How do they work?

What is the form?

They have a nervous system,but they have no brain. The nerve cells have two parts: the nerve cell body with a nerve cell fiber on either side. On one side of the cell is a receptor and on the other is an effector. The receptor recieves environmental stimuli and the effector cells take action. Environment stimuli may include: touch(mechanical), temperature, gravity, chemicals, and light.

The nerve cells are specialized for the transmission of information in the form of electro-chemical pulses.

They are int he form of nerve "nets". Pulses may travel ineither direction, unlike in humans.

What organismis generally found living amutualistic relationship with corals?

Why?

Algea is usually found with corals.

The algea gets shelter and carbon dioxide and the coral gets oxyegenand food.

During the day the polyps do not come out, b/c plankton comes out at night, so during the day the coral feeds off the algea.

Where do coral reefs occur?

Why?

NO!!!!!

Fertilization is the fusion of the two haploid sperm nuclei and the halpoid egg nuclei t forma  diploid cell.

Sperm penetration activates development NOT fertilization.

Can an egg be activated artificially?

How?

Yes. Not all eggs can be, but some can. Such as some frog eggs. But in most cases this artificial activation kills the cell. NOT IN HUMANS

This can be done with a needle or mild electric shock. With this the egg is activated, the chromosomes spontaneously double, cleavage occurs, and a normal adult animal may occur.

What is penetration?

What happens during penetration?

What is it also called?

Penetrationis the fusion of the sperm and egg membranes.

When the egg is penetrated, the corticule granules discharge their contents in between the two membranes of the egg. The contents soak up and attract water. This pushes the vitelline mebrane away. This process is called cortical reaction. It is a slow block to polyspermy,as opposed to the electro-chemical fast block to polyspermy. It takes about 30 to 60 seconds.

It is also called egg activation.

Cleavage: What is determined at these stages of cleavage:

1st Division

2nd Division

3rd Division

1st Division: Right and left side

2nd Division: Anterior and posterior

3rd Division: dorsal and ventral

What is are the two "fates" of cells?

Definition of fate....

!. Indeterminate: Fate of these cells is not irreversibly determined. Has the ability to do different things in the same situation.

2. Cells have the ability to regulate or adjust their development.

Fate= What an area of younger embryos will become in an older embryo.

Each cell has the ability to become an entire organism.

These are the stem cells in the news.

The fate of the cells are irreversibly determined. There are no stem cells.

This is also called mosaic development.

1. Zygote is converted into a multicellular animal (embryo)

2. No increase in size.

3. Embryo does not change shape.

4. The ratio of DNA to cytoplasm increases. DNA is being made, while cytoplasm is just being divided.

What is ganglia?

it is a collection of nerve cell bodies. 

Are the nervous and sensory organs in Phylum platyhelminthes complex?

Yes 

Biology's Grand Unifying Theory Quote

Not to be memorized, but cool to look at ;)

"Nothing in biology makes sense except inthe light of evolution"

Thoedis Dobzhansky(1900-1975), Genecist

Components of Darwinism

Name and describe each of the five.

1. Perpetual Change: The living world is neither constant nor perpetually cycling--it is always changing

2. Common Descent: All forms of life desceded from a common ancestor through a branching of lineages

3. Multiplication of Species: A single (ancestral) poulation can split to produce two or more populations that become different from each ther (and the ancestral population) with time.

4. Gradualism: Populations of organisms accumulate small (incremental) changes over very long periods of time

5. Natural Selection: This is the mechanism that explains why organisms appear to be the designed to meet the demands of their environments, which is a phenomenon called adaption.

It is a tube with a single opening to the outside which is a current producing mechanism that it is flame cell. It is a way for flatworms to get rid of water. 

so the excess water will diffuse into the tube and then the excess water exits the body and deals with their hypotonic enviroment. 

1. Adapt=evolution

2. Disperse=relocation

3. Die=extinction

It is important to remember that extinctionis NATURAL!

What is a Metabolic Waste?

A common Metabolic Waste?

Common-Nitrogen, CO2 

Its substances left over from respiratory processes which cannot be used by the organism and they either have surplus or lethal qualities. 

What is a major waste product in Flatworms ?

What do humans commonly use it for?

Ammonia-NH3 

We use it for disinfecting. 

The process by which heritable traits that make it more likely for an organism to survive and successfully reproduce become more common in a population over successive generations.

The Survival of the Fittest

Can flatworms tolerate ammonia in their body? 

Why?

1) posses bilateral symmetry

2) exist at organ level 

3) That they are all triopblastic 

What is mutation?

Is it predictable?

umm what more can i say than you are one of my besties. :) we talk, listen, stay up late. :) 

love you. 

It means larva because most animals develop from the zygote to the larva then metamorphosis. so larva is the primary and adult is the secondary. 

Oxygen is absorbed across surfaces (lungs, gills, skin)

Carbon dioxide is released across surfaces

Water intake and outtake

Metabolic waste is diffused

Digested food is absorbed/diffused

1) cell 

2) Tissue 

3) organ

What is the BMP-4 gene? What does it do?

What does noggin cells do?

Bone morphogenetic protein 4. When active it tells cells to become ventral cells.

Noggin turns off the BMP4 gene. It is active in the dorsal of the embryo.

The Tissue level is?

What phylum?

Cnardia 

This is where the animals have tissues. 

tissues are a collection of cells grouped together to perform functions. mostly talking about simple tissues. 

What is the organ level? 

What Phylum or (s)?

It is where the organs are present, which is a collection that work together to perform common functions. They also posses cells. 

7 remaining phyla are here. 

Echinodermata, Playtheminthes, nematoda, annelida, Mollusca, Chordata, Arthropoda, 

What is cell level?

Phylum?

Porifera-sponges

it is where animals are composed that cells are functionally different. they do different things and there may even be some division of labor, or some that are only involved in reproduction. but they have a little tendency to perform collective functions. Independent of each other. 

An example of Radial symmtery is?

Why?

A starfish. 

because the starfish does not have a head, anterior,posterior, end or right or left side. instead we refer to it as the oral and aboral surface.

oral=mouth

aboral=no mouth. 

What are some deuterostome characteristics?

• Radial cleavage in embryonic cell division: the daughter cells sit on top of previous cells.
• Fate of cells is indeterminate; if embryonic cells are separated, each one develops into a complete organism.
• The blastopore is associated with the anus, and the second embryonic opening is associated with the mouth.

Pseudocoelomate is?

a type of body cavity that is false. There is no mesoderm surrounding the internal organs. so when an animal moves so is his organs. 

example: nematoda 

1) Eumetazoa

2) Parazoa

3) Mesozoa 

What is the subkingdom eumetazoa?

In the Division Protostomia 

The phylum in Acoelomate are?

In the division protostomia, 

what phylum is pseudocoelmoate ?

In the division protostomia,

What phylum(s) is Eucoelomate?

In the division Deuterostomia, 

what phylums are Eucoelomate?

Choanocyctes. 

which means it has a collar and that is composed of microvilli, finger like projections of the plasma membrane. the flagella moves the water through the sponge, muscus on collar and foof gets trapped on collara and then get engulfed by phagocyctosis . 

Which is called-intracellular digestion-because ingested inside cell body.

Silicon dioxide-glass 

which provides support and protection. 

A sponge is like a colony of?

Because?

An experiment for sponges was performed when?

What did he do with two different sponges?

in the 1990's and the two sponges he took 1 orange and 1 yello and broke them apart and seperated all the individual cells. he poured two things together and then saw that they crawled around and fused together with their original color. 

Did they reconigize each other? yes.

1) cells that have rivets- which help hold cells together 

2) cells must be able to communicate with each other, they do it by producing molecules which molecules are perceived by receptors on the plasma membrane and have a turn on/off gene. 

3) that there is stuff between cells & among cells, otherwise it is just a collection of cells or mostly collagen.

The 9 major phylums does make up 50%?

True or False?

the 32 celled stage for a starfish and it does stay the same. 

the def: is an embryo composed of a single layer of cells surrounding a fluid filled space. 

doesnt have as much yoke. 

but both develop into embryo.

the messoderm is the _____ layer?

and it is ?

3rd germ layer 

and between the echto/endo derms and its a form as pouchs off the gut which is like entercoelic pounching. 

Morphogenetic movements are also called?

and they do what?

Invagination 

and they move inward.

cells form really close to the blastopore and deatact and being growing by mitosis. then eventually spilt forms when it gets big enough and then the final stage will be the same. the original opening into the gut, opens into the mouth.