Term
| Why do cells need signals? |
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Definition
- Need to respond to a changing enviroment
- Cells need to communicate with each other for their own and organism's needs
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Term
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Definition
| A cell secretes a molecule that effects itself |
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Term
| What does the suffix "-crine" mean? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A cell secretes a molecule that effects neighboring cells |
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Definition
| A molecule is secreted into the bloodstream |
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Term
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Definition
- Receptor activation- signal bings to receptor molecule on target cell surface.
- Signal Transduction- the binding of the signaling molecule changes the receptor protein in some way; converting the signal to bring about a cellular response.
- Cellular response- some cellular activity is triggered
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Term
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Definition
- enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of phosphate group (from ATP onto a protein)
- exist as monomers
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Term
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Definition
| The binding of a signaling molecule causes a conformational change in a receptor that activates its function |
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Term
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Definition
- The signal transduction pathway affects the functions and/or amounts of cellular proteins, thereby producing a cellular response
- mRNAs are translated into proteins
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Term
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Definition
| The activated receptor stimulates a series of proteins that forms a signal transduction pathway |
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Term
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Definition
- Programmed, organized cell death
- Necessary for: development, cancer prevention, neurological priortizing, protection against infection
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Term
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Definition
- Chemical messengers that travel in blood
- Only cells with receptors will bind and respond
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Term
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Definition
- Functional unit of life
- contains genetic info for entire organism
- can undergo metabolism
- can make proteins
- can reproduce itself
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Term
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Definition
- Plant and animal cells
- True nucleus: membrane-bound container for DNA
- many organells
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Term
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Definition
- Unicellular organisms
- smaller than eukaryotes
- no membrane-bound organells
- no nucleus; DNA gathers in center of cell
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Term
| What are Fimbriae? (on bacteria cells) |
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Definition
| Appendages of bacteria that help them attach to surfaces |
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Term
| What is a Nucleoid? (bacteria) |
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Definition
| concentrated DNA; not membrane-bound |
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Term
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Definition
- make proteins
- Plentiful outside the nucleus to make proteins
- can be free or attached to ER
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Term
| What is a plasma membrane and what is it made of? |
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Definition
- Holds inside separate from outside world, made of phospo lipids
- site of communication with external enviroment
- selectively permeable
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Term
| What is the purpose of a cell wall? |
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Definition
| offers strength and rigidity, made up of peptidoglycan (protein + sugar) |
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Term
| Name two significant differences between bacterial cells and eukaryotic cells |
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Definition
- Cell walls: eukaryotic cells do not have cell walls, therefore antibiotics that attack cell walls are safe for eukaryotic cells (penicillin)
- Ribosomes: bacterial and eukaryotic ribosomes are different
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Term
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Definition
- All cells of a given organism have the same genome
- But develop into cells distinct in:
- Products they make
- Shape
- Size
- Function
- Organelles
- Capabilities
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Term
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Definition
| Everything outside membrane-bound organelles and inside plasma membrane; aqueous environment (20-50% volume of cell) |
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Term
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Definition
| Everything interior to the plasma membrane (cytosol + organelles) |
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Term
| Whats good with the Nucleus? |
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Definition
- Stores the gentic information (DNA) as threads of chromatin
- surrounded by its own membrane
- during cell division chromatin condenses into chromosomes
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Term
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Definition
| A dark structure in the center of the nucleus that contributes to ribosome production |
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Term
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Definition
- System of membranous sacks
- Lipids and proteins made here
- Material leaves in vesicles (membrane-bound sacs)
- Rough ER: protein production (studded with ribosomes)
- Smooth ER: synthesis of lipids, carbohydrate synthesis and metabolism, detox of drugs and alcohol
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Term
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Definition
- network of membrane sacks
- processes molecules for secretion
- modifies molecules, then sends them in membrane envelopes called vesicles to the plasma membrane
- molecule is released by exocytosis
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Term
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Definition
- Garbage disposals of the cell
- surrounded by membrane
- digest unwanted material taken in from outside (bacteria, old cell parts)
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Term
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Definition
| cells use lysosomes to breakdown macromolecules into monomers for reuse |
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Term
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Definition
- Contain enzymes that remove H and add to O2, producing H2O2
- Then convert H2O2 to H2O
- Used to digest some fatty acids, amino acids
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Term
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Definition
- Power house of cell
- convert energy from food into ATP (provides most of ATP for entire cell)
- has own DNA
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Term
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Definition
- Found only in plant and algae cells
- contain own DNA and ribosomes
- Function: photosynthesis
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Term
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Definition
- network of fibers running throughout the cell
- organelles attach to and move by the cytoskeleton
- whole-cell movement is accomplished by cytoskeleton
- cell shape is maintained by cytoskeleton
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Term
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Definition
| having both hydrophilic (water liking) and hydrophobic (water fearing) regions |
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Term
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Definition
- Carbohydrate chains: aka "tag cells" (identifiers) and aid in communication
- Cholesterol: helps prevent too much fluidity
- Glycolipids and glycoproteins can be for tagging or interaction with the ECM
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Term
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Definition
| Help molecules move through membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| accelerate chemical reactions on cell surface |
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Term
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Definition
| bind to chemical signals from the extracellular environment |
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Term
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Definition
| "tag" different types of cells and aid in communication |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement of molecules form an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| does not use cellular energy |
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Term
| Can Lipophillic molecules diffuse? |
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Definition
- Yes can diffuse across the membrane
- non-polar molecule
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Term
| Can lipophobic molecules diffuse? |
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Definition
- No these polar molecules cannot simply diffuse across the membrane
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Term
| Modes of transport across the Plasma Membrane |
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Definition
- Passive transport: no cellular energy required
- Active transport: energy from the cell used
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Term
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Definition
| Anything that binds to a protein |
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Term
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Definition
- Diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane in response to a concentration gradient
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Term
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Definition
| The number of particles in a solution |
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Term
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Definition
| the number of molecules in a solution |
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Term
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Definition
- the relative osmolarity of any solution surrounding a cell
- The ability of the surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water
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Term
| Extracellular Matrix (ECM) |
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Definition
- Animal cells
- provides strength and rigidity to tissues (structural proteins)
- organize cells, allow them to move or stay in place
- provide signals to cells to guide function or development
- contains adhering proteins
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Term
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Definition
- Fibronectin
- Laminin
- Collagen
- Elastin
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Term
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Definition
| connects cells to ECM, organizes components |
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Term
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Definition
| Connects cells to ECM, organizes components. Found in top layers of skin, especially |
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Term
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Definition
- Provides tensile strength in deep skin, organs, bones, cartilage, and tendons
- 75% of protein in skin
- 25% of total protein mass in body
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Term
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Definition
| Forms elastic fibers for stretch and recoil |
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Term
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Definition
- a group of cells having similar function
- Humans have 200 cell types, 4 tissue types
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Term
| Timeline from Cell to Tissue |
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Definition
| Cell division > Cell growth > Differentiation > Migration > Apoptosis > Cell connections |
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Term
| What are the 4 cell attachments? |
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Definition
- Tight junctions
- desmosomes
- gap junctions
- anchoring junctions
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Term
| What are the 4 tissue types? |
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Definition
- Epithelial: covers everything
- Connective: joins things (muscle to bone, skin to deeper structures)
- Nervous: Brain, spinal cord and nerves
- Muscle: muscles, including organ linings and the heart muscle
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Term
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Definition
| substances that cannot be broken down into other substances |
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Term
| List 4 reasons electrons are important |
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Definition
- Form Bonds
- Determine if the atom is an ion (if an atom gains or loses an electron it becomes an ion)
- Capture and transfer energy
- Form destructive free radicals
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Term
| What is an Organic Molecule? |
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Definition
| Anything containing carbon |
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Term
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Definition
| molecules that have the same numbers of atoms, and same elements, but different structures |
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Term
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Definition
- Organic molecules associated with living organisms
- 4 major groups
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Nucleotides
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Term
| Carbohydrates (Biomolecules) |
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Definition
- Most adundant
- polar
- monomer= monosaccharide
- polymer= polsaccharide
- Famous carbs: glucose, glycogen, starch
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Term
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Definition
- Molecule that starts cellular respiration
- easiest energy source for our bodies to use
- The brain cannot use anything but glucose for survival
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Term
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Definition
- Nonpolar
- basic unit: fatty acid
- significant source of energy storage
- Triglycerides are 3 fatty acids bound to a glycerol
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Term
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Definition
- Fats: long term energy storage and insulation
- Sterols: regulate growth and development
- Phospholipids: form the membranes that enclose cells
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Term
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Definition
- Most versatile of biomolecules
- polar
- monomer: amino acid
- polymer: polypeptides
- Enzymes are proteins that speed up (catalyze) reactions, often end in -ase
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Term
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Definition
- Nutrient Storage
- Hormones
- Moving proteins
- Immune proteins
- Transport Proteins
- Receptor proteins
- Structural proteins
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Term
| Factors that influence protein shape |
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Definition
- Hydrogen bonds between amino acids
- ionic bonds between amino acids
- hydrophobic effect
- van der Waals forces (weak attractions)
- Disulfide bridges
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Term
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Definition
- 20 AA's that occur in natural proteins
- Human body can synthesize all but 9
- 9 are "essential amino acids" that we must get from diet
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