Term
|
Definition
| All the organisms in a given area, along with the nonliving factors with which they interact; a biological community and its physical environment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An assemblage of all the organisms living together and potentially interacting in a particular area. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A group of individuals belonging to one species and living in the same geographic area. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a structure consisting or several tissues adapted as a group to perform specific functions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An integrated group of cells with a common function, structure, or both. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A basic unit of living matter separated from its environmen by a plasma membrane; the fundamental structural unit of life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A membrane-enclosed structure with a specialized function with a cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A group of two or more atoms held together by a covalent bond |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| eThe small unit of matter that retains the properties of an element |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Order
- Regulation
- Growth and development
- Energy processing
- Response to the environment
- Reproduction
- Evolutionary adaptation
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Descent with modification; the idea that living sepcies are descendants of ancestral species that were different from present-day ones; also the genetic changes in a population over generations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A process in which organisms with certain inherited characteristics are more likely to survive and reproduce than are organisms with other characteristics. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| emphasizes analysis of large volumes of experimental data with the goal of finding new patterns or correlations, leading to hypothesis formation and other scientific methodologies. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hypotheses are formed before close examination of experimental data. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A component of the process of science whereby a scientist carries out two parallel tests, an experimental test and a control test. The experimental test differs from the control by one factor, the variable. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A sample in which a factor whose effect is being estimated is absent or is held constant, in order to provide a comparison. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A group of subjects that are exposed to the variable of a control experiment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| observations, questions, hypothesis, experiment, analysis and results, conclusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| confirmable: capable of being tested (verified or falsified) by experiment or observation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A chemical compound containng the element carbon and usually synthesized by cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An assemblage of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and usually involved in chemical reactions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A chemical compound composed only of the elements carbod and hydrogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a giant molecule in a living organism formed by the joining of smaller molecules: a protein, carbohydrate, or nucleic acid. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
monomer: A chemical subunit that serves as a building block of a polymer.
polymer: A large molecule consisting of many monomers, covalently joined together in a chain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A chemical process in which two molecules become covalently with the removal of a water molecule. Also called condensation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A chemical process in which polymers are broken down by the chemical addition of water molecules to the bonds linking their monomers; an essential part of digestion. |
|
|
Term
| mono-, di-, poly- saccarides |
|
Definition
| mono: The simplest carb, a simple sugar. It is the building block of disacharides and polysaccharides. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An extensively branched polysaccharide of many glucose monomers; serves as an energy-storage molecule in liver and muscle cells; the animal equivalent of starch. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A large polysaccharide composed of many gluclose monomers linked into cable-like fibrils that provide structural support in plant cell walls. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A storage polysaccharide found in the roots of plants and certain other cells; a polymer of gluclose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An organic compound consisting mainly of carbon and hydrogen atoms linked by nonpolar covalent bonds, making the compound mostly hydrophopic. Lipids include fats, phospholipids, and steroids and are insoluble in water. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A large lipid molecule made from an alcohol called glycerol and three fatty accids; a triglyceride. Most fats function as energy-storage molecules. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A lipid made up of glycerol jointed to two fatty acids and a phosphate group, giving the molecule a nonpolar hydrophobic tail and a polar hydrophilic head. Phospholipids form bilayers that function as biological membranes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A type of lipid whose carbon skeletons is in the form of 4 fused rings with various chemical groups attached; examples are cholesterol, testosterone, and estrogen. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A functional biological molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded into a specific three-dimensional structure. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A polymer (chain) of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A protein that serves as a biological catalyst, changing the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being changed into a different molecule in the process. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An organic molecule containing a carboxyl group and an amino group; serves as the monomer and proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The first level of protein structure; the specific sequence of amino acids making up a polypeptide chain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The second level of protein structure; the regular local patterns of coils or folds of a polypeptide chain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The third level of protein strucutre; the overall, three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide due to interactions of the R groups of the amino acids making up the chain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The fourth level of protein structure; the shape resulting from the association of two or more polypeptide subunits. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The spiral shape resulting from the coiling of a polypeptide in a protein's secondary structure. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The folded arrangement of a polypeptide in a protein's secondary structure. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for preteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all celular structures and activities. The two types of nuclein acids are DNA and RNA. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An organic monomer consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group. Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An attraction between atoms that share one or more pairs of outer-shell electrons; symbolized by a single line between the atoms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A group of two or more atoms held together by a covalent bond. |
|
|
Term
|
List and explain each of the levels of organization; use a specific organism as an example. |
|
Definition
- Biosphere, which consists of all the environments on Earth that support life, e.g. regions of land, bodies of water, etc.
- Ecosystem, which consists of all the organisms, e.g. humans, living in in a particular area, as well as all the nonliving components.
- Community, the entire array of organisms. This includes humans and the plants and vegetables that they eat, and also the animals that eat the same veggies. Community is full of different species.
- Population consists of all the individuals of a specieis living a specified area, such as humans.
- Organisms, the individual in the population, e.g. a human.
- Organ system, such as digestive and nervous system
- Organ, such as the brain in a human, which is used to perform a specific function.
- Tissue, which makes up an organ and they are used to communicate.
- Cell, separated from its environment by a membrane.
- Organelle is a membrane-bound structure that performs a specific function in a cell.
- Molecule, a cluster of atoms held together by chemical bonds.
|
|
|
Term
|
What are 7 characteristics of life? (what do all life forms have in common?) Describe and give an example for each of them. |
|
Definition
- Order. All living things exhibit complex organization, e.g. sunflower
- Regulation. Mechanisms maintain an organism's internal environment, e.g. jackrabbit's ears maintain a constant body heat.
- Growth & development. Inherited info carried by genes controls the pattern of growth and adevelopment of organisms such as the Nile crocodile.
- Energy processing. Life forms take in food to make energy, e.g. bear eating fish will lead to metabolism.
- Response to environment.
- Reproduction
- Evolution
|
|
|
Term
|
Explain science as a process including the steps of the scientific method and elements of a good study. Additionally, explain how a scientific theory is different from a hypothesis. |
|
Definition
Steps of the scientific method include:
- Observation
- Questions
- Hypothesis
- Experiment
- Resulst & Analysis
- Conclusion
|
|
|
Term
|
Explain the process of a dehydration reaction and hydrolysis. Where in your own body are these reactions important? Use a specific example to explain |
|
Definition
An unlinked monomer has a hydrogxyl group at one end and a hydrogen atom at the other. For each monomer added to a chain, a water molecule is removed.
Hydrolysis is the reverse of dehydration reaction. Cells break bonds b/w monomers by adding water to them. It is an essential part of digestion. For example, when you ingest food, it needs to be broken down to enter cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Describe the structure of a polysaccharide. What is the function of starch, glycogen and cellulose? |
|
Definition
These structures are often linear, but may contain various degrees of branching. Polysaccharides are often quite heterogeneous, containing slight modifications of the repeating unit.
Function of starch: to store energy
glycogen: hydrolyzes the glycogen to release glucose when it is needed. |
|
|
Term
|
Describe the structure of a fat and a steroid. What is the importance of each? |
|
Definition
A fat is a large lipid made from glycerol and fatty acids. The carbons in the chain are linked together and to hydrogen atoms by nonpolar covalent bonds. Main function is energy storage.
Steroids are lipids whose carbon skeleton contains four fused rings. |
|
|
Term
|
Explain the construction of a protein from primary to quaternary structure. Explain the importance of protein shape to its function. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any various unit smaller than an atom |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical means. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Substance containing two or more elements (NaCl) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Energy level representing the distance of an electron from the nucleus of the atom. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A variant form of an atom. Same # of protons, but different # of neutrons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An atom that has gained or lost one or more electrons, thus acquiring a charge. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An attraction between atoms that share one or more pairs of outer-shell electrons. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Covalent bond in which two atoms share two pairs of electrons. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dissolving agent of a solution. Water is the most versatile solven known. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A substance that is dissolved in a solution. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| solvent and solute combined |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A measure of the relative acidity of a solution, ranging from 0-14, most basic-most acidic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A substance that decreases hydrogen ion concentration in a solution. |
|
|
Term
Describe an atom in terms of subatomic particles. Be sure to explain the size, charge and location of each particle and how the number of each of those particles affects the atom.
|
|
Definition
| The three subatomic particles found in an atom are protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons have a relative mass of 1 and a charge of +1. They are found in the nucleus. Neutrons have a relative mass of 1 and no charge. They are found in the nucleus as well. Electrons have a relative mass of 1/1836 and a charge of -1. They are found in electron shells. Electrons determine the charge, protons determine identity of atom, and neutron determines the isotope. Proton = 1/2 mass, neutron = 1/2 mass. |
|
|
Term
What is an isotope and how are they used to study biological processes and medicine?
|
|
Definition
| An isotope is a variant on a basic element, with a number of neutrons that is different than typical. If it is radioactive, the nucleus decays rapidly, which can be dangerous because it can damage molecules. Biologists often use radioactive tracers to follow molecules as they undergo chemical changes in an organism. They can also diagnose kidney disorders and detect diseases. |
|
|
Term
| What are characteristics of Prokaryotic cells? |
|
Definition
- bacteria=all single-celled organisms
- oldest forms of life
- not internal compartments=organelles
|
|
|
Term
| What characteristics are found in Eukaryotic cells? |
|
Definition
- Plants
- animals
- fungi
- multicellular
- very complex
- full of internal compartments=organelles
- DNA is contained in nucleus
|
|
|
Term
| What are similar characteristics between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells? |
|
Definition
- ribosomes
- cell membrane
- DNA
|
|
|
