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| branching diagram that shows evolutionary relationships |
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| image, sight, sound that brings back concrete memories |
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Rule #1 of science Rule #2 of science |
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-when big new idea proposed, scientists try to tear it down -new idea will take serious hits, only survive if it's good but maybe in modified form |
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Ordovician, 440 mya Devonian, 365 mya Permian, 245 mya (worst extinction, ocean) Triassic, 210 mya Cretaceous, 66 mya |
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| Causes of 5 major extinctions |
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| Continental drift for first four, some catastrophe for fifth |
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| What is most memorable in species? |
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| take a complex problem, look at all individual parts |
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| puts parts of problem back together again, looks at the whole |
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| population who members can interbreed under natural conditions |
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| look the same, genetically different |
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| species that's both male and female |
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| can't tell if they're the same |
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| Observations, hypotheses, tests |
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| Sources of scientific information |
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| controlled experiment, natural experiment, compilations of fortuitous information |
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| Discovery tools humans use |
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| faith, art, science, force, consenus |
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| Science good with what kind of questions? |
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Definition
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| yukon golds, reds, russets |
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| bio chain from quarks up to universe |
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Definition
| quarks, subatomic particles, atoms, molecules, macromolecules, organelles, cells, tissue, organs, organ system, individual, population, community, ecosystem, earth, solar system, galaxy, universe |
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| What are the macromolecules? |
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| carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) |
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| Common elements in living things: |
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C, H, O, N, P, S carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphate, sulfate |
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| association of 2 ions of opposing charges |
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| sharing electrons between atoms |
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| weak attractions between partially charged "atoms" |
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Polarity (H bonds) Thermal buffer (balances out heat) Cohesion (helps move stream of water through organisms) Solvent (dissolves some solids and gases) Ice floats (flexibility of habitats) |
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structure- 1 C with 4 H can create infinite amount of molecules |
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| Functional groups of organic molecules |
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Hydroxyl- in alcohols, sugars Carbonyl- sugars Amino-amino acids, urine Carboxyl-amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins |
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Carbohydrates Complex carbohydrates |
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simple sugars: monosaccharides, glucose polysaccharides: cellulose, starch, glycogen, chitin |
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Cellulose- woody part of trees
Starch- long term energy storage molecule for plants Glycogen- energy storage for animals
Chitin- crunch that satisfies |
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| Lipids (fats, oils, waxes) 3 main uses |
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Definition
-Simple chains for storage -Membranes -Chemical messengers |
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| long chains of amino acids |
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| 4 sequences of amino acids |
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Primary- string of beads Secondary (alpha helix, pleated sheet)- beads coil or make sheets Tertiary- coiled,pleated beads fold Quaternary- several strands fold together |
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| catalyze/speed up reactions |
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| Structural and Catalytic/Enzymes |
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| 2 forms nucleotides are used: |
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ATP-gives off energy Nucleic acids- information transfer and storage |
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| responsible for protein synthesis |
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-meshwork of fine fibers -skeleton and muscles of cell
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thin layer of lipids and proteins selective barrier
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Cellular respiration occurs Most of cell's ATP is made
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| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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Studded with ribosomes-make proteins Production of new membrane
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| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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Definition
Synthesis of certain molecules, like lipids |
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modify, store, and ship products of the ER
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Control center Contains protons and neutrons
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Term
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-animal cell only -pair of these in each centrosome 9+0?
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-animal cell only -contains enzymes to help digest cell's food & wastes
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-animal cell only -long appendage that propels protists through water, moves fluids across surface of tissue cells
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-plant cell only -occupies most space -roles in reproduction, growth, development
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-plant cells only -absorbs sunlight, powers synthesis of sugars
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sum total of all places where organisms live |
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| anatomical similarity due to common ancestry |
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Major divisions of the earth based on genetically related assemblaces (based on homology) |
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| similarity of structure between two species, but not of origin |
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Large region of land distinctive in its habitat, community structure, endemic species
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light, temperature, moisture, water chemistry, nutrients, fire, edaphic factors (soil)
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| top soil, sub soil, bedrock |
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| Where is the tropical region? |
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| between 30 degrees N and S |
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| Energy flows, nutrients cycle |
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| Major factors that determine biome |
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| water, temp, elevation, latitude |
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low rainfall (<10cm) more evaporation than precipitation still plenty diversity
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intermediate rainfall (25-60 cm) some fire tolerant
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Seasonal rain (90-150cm) Fast growing grasses, scattered trees More shrubs with more water
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25-100 cm rain short grass-less rain, long grass-more rain steppe
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Tropical Rain Forests (Evergreen Broadleaf forest) |
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Soils weathered, leached, nutrients stored in living things More species diversity than anywhere else
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Temperate Deciduous Forest (tropical df) |
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Tropical:high rainfall, but more seasonal Temperate: seasonal rains, but with a cold season, not just dry
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Trees with cones other names: boreal and taiga can tolerate dryness
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Permafrost Pretty dry Plants must grow fast Long days Arctic (lower) and Alpine (elevated)
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| What is at 30 degrees N and S? |
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| letters for Nucleic acids |
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