*Density dependent factors

*Density independent factor

* More critters= Greater effect

**limited food supply (less food per individual)

*Dingos ate farmers sheep. Farmers killed all "dumb" dingos. Dingo super race now. 

* More dingos=more rabies

then they all get rabies die... and over again (cycle)

* has nothing to do with population

*ex: climate, weather

*Species example: Early frost kills tons of bugs

*Series of events birth through death

*Ex: Number of offspring, amount of parental care given to offspring, what do i want to do? how will i pass on my genetics the most?

*2 types

(1) Opportunisitc

(2) Equilibrial life history

*small "r-selected"

*produce young as soon as possible and LOTS

* do not care for offspring

* strategy: if something happens someone will make it because there are so many

*Ex: mice, bugs, salmon, weeds (dandelions) 

*mature & reproduce later in life

* Work in predictable enviornment

*always at or near carrying capacity (K)

* Ex: humans produce a few offspring, really take care of offspring, tropical rainforest (hot, wet, sunny for millions of years), whales

* Type 1: live long time, die when old (humans)

* Type 2: Equal number of deaths @ each age (birds, rabbits, grey squirrel)

* Type 3: mortality rates extremely high in beginning of life (salmon, invertebrates, sea turtles)

* true predator & prey: Willow Tree & Bunny

* false predator & prey: Bunny & Lynx

* Willow trees produce poison when bunnies eat to much of them

(1) Competition

(2) Symbiosis

(3) Predation

Competition

(Interspecific Competition)

* 2 species competing for the same resource at the same time

* Always a winner & loser

Example of Interspecific Competition

& who conducted the experiments

*1930's lab experiments

* G. F. Gause- Biologist

* Put two species of paramecium in a test tube that ate same food.

(1) Paramecium Aurelia (Winner)

(2) Paramecium Caudatum (Loser)

*Always a winner and loser

 sometimes referred to as Gause's Law of competitive exclusion or just Gause's Law, is a proposition which states that two species competing for the same resources cannot stably coexist if other ecological factors are constant

* Ex: Warblers: 14 different species that eat the same bugs off of tree, but all eat from different part of tree so the species can coexist. 

*Ex: Wolf & Caribou

*Ex: Squirrel & Acorn (forget about 20% of acorns)

Predator-Prey

( 7 adaptations to avoid being eaten)

(1) Get large Ex. Elephant

(2) Fast & Agile Ex: Rabbits (slow genes get eaten)

(3) Hide-Camo Ex: Peppered Moth

(4) Protection Ex: Turtles (pull head in), Armadillo

(5) Stink Ex: Skunk, Stink bugs (like pepper spray to birds)

(6) Stay together Ex: Birds stay in flocks

(7) Poisonous Ex: Gila monster (really slow, mean, sharp teeth, poisonous)

Ex: Wolves w/ caribou (hunting in packs)

take turns till caribou is tired

Ex: Killer whales w/ fish

* Toxins

* Thorns

Ex: Poppy plant- get a shot of morphine

Ex: Tobacco plants: nerve posion

Ex: Ants hate mint plants

* Certain colors used by mean critters, usually have sharp teeth, poisonous, stink, etc.

Ex: Skunk, bees, wasp

* mean species have similar warning coloration 

Ex: black & yellow 

orange & black

* pattern of feeding relationship

* goes down 90% each time

*Plant

*Get energy from the sunlight

Trophic Level 1=Plants

Trophic Level 2: Herbivore, primary consumer

Trophic Level 3: Carnivore, Secondary Consumer 

Trophic Level 4: Tertiary Consumer, Top Consumer

*Fungus & Bacteria

ex: decompose mouse carcus

*Photosynthesis, how much sugar a plant is producing (starch)

*J.P.P.

*Cellular Respiration

G.P.P-Cellular Respiration=Net Primary Productivity

(N.P.P.)

*Explain how many of species you can have

*Only 10% of energy can be used by the higher trophic level.

*Ex: Cow only get s 10% of energy from grass

*Rainforest

*Swamp

* Algae beds 

*Reefs

* how planet is moving in solar system

* Why there are deserts, prairies, rainforest and more in certain places.

*Soil Chemistry, rain fall, etc

*NOT ALIVEEEEE

*Cold & Dry VS. Hot & Wet

* Determines where things can live

*How sunshine is spread across the planet

*Direct sunlight hitting= Hotter (Rainforest) longer summers

*Not direct sunlight hitting: Colder (Antarctica) shorter summers

*Most intense sunlight hot air rises... then cools off... cool air can not hold participate well... so it rains... then air sucks up participate from the land and REPEAT.

* 0 Degrees =Rainforest

* 30 Degrees=Desert cool dry air falls (hot air balloon when burner is turned off)

* 60 Degrees= COLD

* Earth rotates making coils of wind patterns go sideways 

*Air acts like a liquid

* Columbus found new world because of wind patterns

* Affected by where continents are located

* Sun heats water differently ( water at bottom cooler than water near surface )

Gulf Stream

(Ocean Currents)

Water is shallow & sun intense = HOTT water

*Warms land in winter

*Cools land in summer

the raising of benthic nutrients to the surface waters. This occurs in regions where the flow of water brings currents of differing temperatures together, and increases productivity of the ecosystem.

increase of fisheries near continents edges.

* Earths 23.5 degree tilt

* Earth rotation around the sun

Ex:

* June: Northern Hemisphere is tilted towards the sun. We are more like the equator @ this time than any other time of the year.

* Winter time: opposite tilted away from sun. (Our winter is their summer)

*Direct sunlight

* Never an ice age

*Most complex biome (food web, can be 300 species of trees in 1 acre)

*Soil Sucks, clay no nutrients

*Direct nutrients cycling (tree decays in 2 months)

Tropical Grasslands

AKA Savannah 

*Not as much rain as rain forest

*grasslands with hott temps like rainforests

*subject to frequent fires caused by lightning

*Less than 30 cm of rain a year

*only biome that is growing (they are close in proximty to grassland)

*By destroying grasslands they make deserts

*Not cold or hot (no extremes)

Chaparral

(Temperate Shrub Land)

*Moved away from equator. 

*waist high shrubs

*long dry summers, cool wet winters located in Mediterranean of Africa, sounthern cali

*lots of fires but plants adapted 

*No trees

*Temps range from -40* F to 120* F

*Called prairie here

* Asia its called steepes

*in south america its tampas

* in Africa its called veldt

*cattle & wheat

*bison wiped out in this area

*Easter CO to Kansas = short grass

*Kansas and more east = Tall grass

*Columbia MO used to be the starting point of major forests and on east

*huge trees (mostly oak & hickory in MO)

*Nothing but pine species

*Short summers, long winters

*Largest biome in North America & world

*no boreal forests in South America 

*Polar grassland

*Treeless biome

*Northern limits of plant growth

*little grasses 1 cm tall, maybe a bush

*land is forever frozen

*permafrost- continuously frozen ground, never thaws after a certain depth (prevents deep root systems)

*might have 3 months where something could grow 

*tons of bugs?

*home to reindeer, caribou, lemming muskox (dust bunny w/ horns)

*there is tundra in parts of Colorado but there is no permafrost

*Passenger Pigeon:extinct in 1914

* Martha (last bird)

* 10 of Billions in 1800's 

(1) Habitat destruction-

deciduous temperate forests(solid trees)

(2) commercial hunting-hunting for money or profit. 1 pro pigeon hunter made 60,000 dollars by killing 3 million birds at once

*used as fertilizer, dog & cat food, people ate them too.

*stool pigeon-blind one & strap it to a branch to attract other pigeons

Fish & Wildlife Services decide wether a species is considered

(A) Endangered

(B) Threatened Species

*So few individual survivors that the species could easily become extinct

*Ex: Blue Whale, Whooping crane, California condor (around the end of the dinosaurs, 6 ft wing span eats dead stuff, habitat was in LA)

*Still abundant, but likely to become endangered

*Grizzly bear- big, mean, do not play well w/ others

* Hawaii- weird animals being brought over causing other animals to become extinct. 2 dozen birds species extinct recently 

Ex: Ivory Billed Woodpecker- lived in swampy areas. After World War 2 dams were made to house fish & animals (not good for woodpecker) thought to be extinct but later found in some swamp land in Arkansas. 

* Snowy Egret- Big white bird with beautiful long white feathers

*almost extinct due to women's fashion

* males were slaughtered. 6 males= 1 ounce = $50 dollars an once

* 3x more valuable than gold

*Women's fashion changed saving species

*Rhinos in Asia (6)

*Rhinos (6 species) 2 in Africa

(1) Black Rhino

(2) White Rhino

*wanted for horns (Protein)

* horns in far east go for $10,000 & used as an aphrodisiac

Tigers

*Tiger skin coat ($100,000 dollars in Tokyo)

takes up to 6 tigers for 1 coat

*India doing great job trying to save them

Gorillas

*people kill for parts (hands & feet) 

*wall decorations

*Carolina Parakeet

*North Carolina to Florida

*Gov't wiped species out because they were eating all of the citrus crops

*Extinct

* endangered in lower 48 states

(1) Grey wolf (Indians ran into)

(2) red wolf- southern half of the U.S.

*breeding red wolves in St.Louis

(1) identify what species are endangered

(2) provide species w/ protection

(3) recovery plan

* Law needs to be redone every 4 years

* U.S. Fish & wild life service takes care of terrestrial & freshwater endangered species

* National marine fisheries service (Dept. Of Commerce) -send out boats to enforce fishing limits in salt water areas

What happens if species is endangered??

(1) designates endangered species (Biologist go study animals to see if they are endangered)

(2) Critical habitat ( habitat that is needed for this species to survive)

(3) develop an implement for recovery plans

Fire Disturbances

(3) things you need

*(1) Need combustible stuff

*(2) Need dry weather (dries out combustible material)

*(3) Need source of ignition (something that will start a fire) Ex: humans, lightning

*Wet period-> followed by a long dry period

*Ex: Australia 

*70% of forest fires are started by lightning storms (lots of lightning no rain...)

*30% are started by humanbeings

*most numerous April-September

*All forests burn in the West at sometime (every few hundred years)

*Smoky Bear:all fires are bad (not true fires are needed to burn the waste that builds up on the forest floor. If its not burned up for a while this will cause a huge fire!!)

(1) Surface Fire(s)

(2) Crown Fire(s)

(3) Ground Fire(s)

*burns leaves & branches on ground 

* around 6 inches high (SMALL)

* Makes nice ash (fertilizer) 

*Trees are fine

*Fire starts at ground, but goes all the way up the trees.

*Trees usually die :(

*Most common in Coniferous (pine) Forest

*Resins in pines act like gasoline

*NASTY

*the most destructive

*Burns all material to the ground

*Very high spongy organic layer (usually pine needles)

* destroys roots & soil

* can burn for hundreds of years

Praries

(fires)

*Burn every 2-3 years (thats how long it takes for dead stuff to form a layer on the ground)

*Burn tucker prairie plots to show students natural fires

*Can burn every year

*Lots of plant growth in winter

*Dries out during summer and next thing you know BAM fire. 

*chaparral in LA area

*Chemicals sink about a meter into the soil

forming a water proof layer under soil

* Cali winters= LOTS OF RAIN

* Everything above water proof chemical layer slides down forming a mudslide

*Pine trees have unripe pine cones (defense against fires)

*these pine cones survive through fires and will open 2-3 hours after fire occurs (fire melts chemical layer)

Two main types of pine trees in west: Jack pine and Lodgepole pine

*There was no fire for 350 years. 

*Huge fire in 1988

*Entire forest gone

*Forest grew back super fast

 the deliberate breeding of wild animals in captivity in order to increase their numbers.

Ex: * Double Clutching: taking egg so condors would keep making eggs. (usually only lay 1 egg a year but this way lay many more)