Term
| 2 divisions of nervous system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 divisions of peripheral nervous system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sympathetic and parasympathetic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prepares for fight/flight |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| big extension of cell body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small extension of cell body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| CNS, shaped like star, maintain blood-brain barrier, seal capillaries, structural framework, guide nerve cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| CNS, scavenge/eat waste, increases during infections |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| CNS, epithelial, lines ventricles and central canal, secrete and circulate cerebrospinal fluid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| CNS, many extensions, wrap around axons, produce myelin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lipid that increases speed of action potential |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| PNS, hold axons, may wrap around some axons, produce myelin, guide peripheral regeneration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| insulates short segments of axons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| period after action potential where muscle rests and can't send another one right away |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increased efficiency of presynaptic cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| changes in postsynaptic receptors, physical modifications, consolidation by hippocampus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pia mater, arachnoid, dura mater |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lots of myelin, outside of spine, inside of brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| little myelin, outside brain, inside spine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cluster of spinal nerves pulled through spinal column |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| section of sensation and motor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| epaxial sensory and motor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hypaxial sensory and motor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| clusters of neuron cell bodies in the PNS, called nuclei in CNS, integration and processing, dorsal roots have ganglia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large myelinated neurons, very fast and subconscious, involves spinal cord but not brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stretch receptor in knee extensor |
|
|
Term
| flexor (withdrawal) reflex |
|
Definition
| withdrawal from painful stimulus, interneurons stimulate motor neurons, stimulate flexors, inhibit extensors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| step on tack, withdraw one leg, extend the other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| oculomotor nerve (eye movement) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| trigeminal nerve (dental) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vagus nerve (modulates heart rate) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| very small, may be vestigial, may be involved in detecting pheromones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| muscle twitches add up to contraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sustained muscle contraction, fused twitches |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stores energy for muscles, stored in liver, can replace ATP if needed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| main muscle involved in action |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cooperating agonist muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| muscles doing opposite of action |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in forebrain, conscious thoughts, intellectual processes, storage and processing of memories, control of skeletal muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal gland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of diancephalon, sensory relay to cerebrum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of diancephalon, secretes hormones, autonomic effects, hunger and thirst, anger, fear, sex drive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of diancephalon, regulates circadian rhythms (melatonin) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| midbrain, visual and auditory reflexes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of hindbrain, motor coordination, tells cerebrum which muscles to contract/relax, remembers action patterns, timekeeping, tactile input |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of hindbrain, relays sensory input to cerebellum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of hindbrain, relays information from spinal cord to brain; control of respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive functions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chooses what to pay attention to and what not to pay attention |
|
|
Term
| hemispheric lateralization |
|
Definition
| brain hemispheres control opposite half of body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| railroad worker whose frontal lobe was impaled by steel rod, went from being well-behaved to being tempramental |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vision, more brain space than any other sense |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hearing, smell, longterm memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| brain matter tucked inside, taste |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| turn stimuli into action potentials |
|
|
Term
| 5 receptor stimulus types |
|
Definition
| thermo-, photo-, noci-, chemo-, mechano- receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 types of receptor locations |
|
Definition
| exteroreceptors and interoreceptors |
|
|
Term
| 2 types of receptor distributions |
|
Definition
| general and special senses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| found everywhere, ex: pain, heat, pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| found in special areas, ex: sight, hearing, smell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| women who live together synchronize their periods over time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| airborne scents that carry information about an animal's status |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemoreceptors in nasal cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transduction of vibrations of air molecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| external, visible part of ear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ear canal, contains guard hairs, cerumen and tympanum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ear wax, antibacterial, insect deterrent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| begins at tympanic membrane, contains auditory tube, ossicles and muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| larger muscle in middle ear, dampens vibrations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| smaller muscle in middle ear, dampens vibrations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fluid filled chamber in inner ear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| snail shell shape tube attached to vestibule, straight in nonmammalian vertebrates, coiled in mammals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| between sclera and retina, provides oxygen and nutrients to eye |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anchors lens in place on eye |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| controls diameter of pupil in the eye |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| light-sensitive tissue lining inner eye |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| great light sensitivity but don't see color |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| not light sensitive but see color |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hole for exiting axons in eye |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bright, reflective layer of eye, modification of retina or choroid, present in nocturnal animals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nearsightedness, eyeball too long |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| farsightedness, eyeball too short |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| age-related inability to focus on close objects, decreased elasticity of lens proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| patch of hair cells the size of rice grain in inner ear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| crystals in inner ear that move in response to gravitational forces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| detects direction fluid is moving relative to ring, angular acceleration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hair cells in inner ear, make up ampulla |
|
|
Term
| 5 processes of digestive system |
|
Definition
| ingestion, digestion, absorption, compaction, defecation |
|
|
Term
| 3 types of salivary glands |
|
Definition
| parotid, submandibular, sublingual |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enzyme in mouth that breaks down bacterial cell walls |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| breaks down carbohydrates/complex starches --> sugar, possibly to clean off teeth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| throat, begins as skeletal muscle, becomes smooth muscle 1/3 way down |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wave of contractions pushing bolus into stomach |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sphincter moves above diaphragm, can't close properly, causes heartburn |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inactive enzyme activated once outside cells, slightly larger than active enzyme |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enzyme that breaks down proteins, works with HCl |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hydrochloric acid found in stomach, 2 pH, kills bacteria and denatures proteins, activates pepsinogen to pepsin |
|
|
Term
| 3 parts of small intestine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| big fingers made of cells in small intestine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| little fingers on villi cells in small intestine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secretes trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen, breaks down proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| breaks down lipids, secreted by pancreas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| breaks down nucleic acids, secreted by pancreas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| breaks down carbohydrates, secreted by pancreas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neutralizes acid, secreted by pancreas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secretes bile, nutrient absorption |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| breakdown product of red blood cells, helps digest lipids, stored in gall bladder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bile, breaks down big blobs of oil into smaller ones, allowing lypase to break it down |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| little balls of lipids that go into blood |
|
|
Term
| 4 sections of large intestine |
|
Definition
| caecum, appendix, colon, rectum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulated by excess acidity in duodenum, increases sodium bicarbonate from pancreas, slows release of acid chyme |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulated by excess fats in duodenum, increases lipase from pancreas, increases bile from liver/gall bladder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| synthesized by adipose cells, suppresses appetite in hypothalamus, levels rise during eating |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produced by stomach and pancreas, increases appetite in hypothalamus, rises before eating and with stress |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produced in muscle during exercise, converts white fat into brown fat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hemoglobin and immunoglobin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| parts of blood cells, assist in blood clotting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ability to become different blood cells, found in marrow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hemolytic disease of the newborn where Rh- woman and Rh+ man have Rh+ child, woman produces anti-Rh+ antibodies, antibodies attack 2nd Rh+ child |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| double layered sac that surrounds heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| irritation of pericardium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pericardium is so full of fluid, the heart is too compressed to pump blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| right side, deoxygenated blood pumped by arteries, from body to lungs, arteries carry blood away from heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| left side, oxygenated blood pumped from lungs to body, much more powerful, thicker walls |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| right and left low pressure collecting chambers, connected to veins, pump blood into ventricles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| high pressure pumping chambers, connected to arteries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| keep blood moving right way, prevent backflow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| right and left, prevent backflow from ventricles to atria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| strings that keep atrioventricular valves from flipping inside out when ventricles contract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pulmonary and aortic, prevent flow from major arteries back into ventricles, close when ventricles relax |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| artery that carries blood away from the heart, carries from left ventricle to body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| superior and inferior, return blood from body to right atrium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carries blood from right ventricle to lungs, splits into right and left pulmonary arteries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| returns blood from lungs to left atrium, 2 from each lung |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bloodflow in the heart, 5% of blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| empty into coronary sinus and drains directly into right atrium along with superior and inferior vena cavae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| autorhythmic cells in right atrium that generates regular sinus rhythm |
|
|
Term
| atrioventricular (AV) node |
|
Definition
| safeguard, controls top of the heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transmits impulse from atrial to ventricular myocardium, splits into 2 bundle branches |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spread upwards from apex, conduct electrical impulses and allow heart to contract in coordinated fashion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| relaxation period of cardiac cycle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| atrium contracts, blood flows from atrium to ventricle, AV valve opens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ventricle contracts, SL valve opens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deposition of fat in coronary arteries due to endothelial damage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pain from insufficient oxygen to myocardium, can lead to heartattack |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
