aveolar lining cell

capillary endothelial cell

large surface area= 70m

moist but no standing fluid due to low mean capillary pressure

OP>MCP therefore fluid diffuses into capillaries

gaseous exchange at pulmonary membrane (diffusion)

Lo O2, Hi CO2 in capillaries (CO2 diffuses into aveolar sac and O2 diffuses into capillaries from aveolar sac)

=

Hi O2, Lo CO2 in capillaries 

increased alveolar ventilation stress

increased breaths per minute

increased volume of each breath

1. sore throats

2. lots of bacteria and viruses 

3. tonsilitis

1. laryngitis

2. bronchial asthma

3. bronchitis (4th cod)

4. bronchial cancer

5. cafe coronoaries (blocked glottis)

1. Pneumonia (6th cod)

2. emphysema (4th cod with Bronchitis)

3. Lung cancer (2nd cod)

1. increased alveolar ventilation x1 2/3

2. increased cardiac output x20-50%

3. increased O2 capacity of blood via fluid loss to lymph

4. increased rate of RBC synthesis

1. increased alveolar venitilation x7

1. increased vascularization of lungs and body tissue

2. increased lung capacity

3. enlarged heart

1. reduced mental proficiency

2. reduced vision

3. euphoria

4. headaches

5. nausea

6. sleepiness

7. irregular breathing

male- 595 ft

female- 520 ft

mammalian depth diving adaptations (compared with humans)

1. high blood volume (15% vs. 5%)

2. high blood O2 capacity (high hemocratic and hi Hb)

3. high muscle-myoglobin concentration

4. high vascularized lungs

mammalian diving reflex characterisitcs

 (7)

1. exhale before diving

2. hibernating-typer thermostat (body temp decreases)

3. metabolism drops, animal relaxes

4. heart rate reduced to about 1/10 normal

5. only brain and heart use Hb-oxygen

6. muscles use Mb-oxygen

7. brain tolerates high blood CO2 

modes of communication in nervous system

(2)

1. nerve impulse

2. hormone

fast

specific- direct line to the reciever

short duration

chemical transported via the CVS

slower

general broadcast (it goes everywhere)

sustained- hormone lingers in CVS

simple control system components (NS)

(4)

1. receptor- sensory cell

2. effector- a cell that responds

3. integrating center

4. messanger sytem

one-way: creates order in NS

integrative capacity

synaptic transmission disadvantages

slow= chemical diffusion

highly vulnerable- fatigue (O2 shortage, glucose shortage, drugs, poison, etc)

acetylcholine

50% of blood to gut, kidneys, and skin

ermergency- epinephrine

70% of blood to heart and muscles

acetylcholine or epinephrine

 -chemical messengers released via synaptic bulbs into a synapses

-may stimulte or inhibit the next neuron

-communicate across a synapse

eg. follicle stimulating hormone, estrogen, thyroxin

 -chem messengers released from endocrine glands or cells into the blood

-released in small concentrations

-have effect on other areas of the body

eg. sex attractants, alarm signals

-chem messengers released into external environment

-cause a change in behavior of another individual

-operate only within the same species

expanded top of the spinal chord

-O2, CO2, and BP regulation

-facial muscles controlled

-complex reflexes (vomiting, swallowing, coughing)

-most of homeostatic functions

thermostat, thirst center, hunger center, basic emotions

outer thin shell of interneurons-gray matter

defines the species