Term
| What are some animal examples of reproductive imperatives and their effects on behavior? |
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Definition
Emperor penguins: travel 80 miles to lay eggs, take turns warming as the mate feeds
Humans: applying makeup, doing hair, buffing up at gym |
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Term
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Definition
| Cause of a disease or condition |
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Term
| What is the etiology of criminal behavior according to John Watson, Antonio Moniz, and Konrad Lorenz? |
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Definition
Watson: all behavior is learned
Moniz:It's a bad part of the brain, should be cut out (lobotomized)
Lorenz: Man has instincts much like animals, the only difference is Man is able to sometimes control them |
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Term
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Definition
| For everything that happens there are conditions such that, given those conditions, nothing else could happen. |
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Term
| Describe the causes of determinism |
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Definition
External: social forces like poverty
Internal: Psychogenic and biogenic factors (psychological factors are biologically based) |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of organisms in their natural environment |
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Term
| What is a major tenet of ethology? |
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Definition
| It takes more energy to curb impulses than to actually perform them |
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Term
| What is "hard" and "soft" determinism? |
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Definition
Hard: robotic; we are slaves to our instincts/circumstances
Soft: affected by free will |
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Term
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Definition
| Pertaining to the period immediately before and after birth |
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Term
| Describe the major ideas of the comparative psychologist Ronald Nadler's work |
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Definition
| Males have an instinct to procreate, which could explain rape. Rape isn't a more common occurrence because men have been socialized NOT to rape. |
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Term
| Of the animals that "mate for life," how many actually do so? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Colin Wilson's "Coolidge Effect"? |
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Definition
| Based on the anecdote of Calvin Cooldige on the farm and his response to his wife's comments about the rooster. Wilson said that human males have a need for novelty as a evolutionary trait to try and spread genes around as wide a range as possible. This need is facilitated by imagination |
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Term
| While categories can be useful, they can also be misleading. How so? |
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Definition
| Categories allow us to have a representative understanding of something, however they tend to obscure differences and don't allow for a continuum. Ex.: Criminality as a dichotomy versus a spectrum |
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Term
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Definition
| When an animal is receptive to mating; in heat |
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Term
| Of all the demographic variables, which one has the greatest influence on criminality? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the crime-prone age range of most offenders? |
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Definition
| 15-25. Thereafter they tend to "grow out" of the behavior (referred to as the "aging out" phenomenon) |
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Term
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Definition
| Loss of contact with reality |
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Term
| What are two symptoms of psychosis? |
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Definition
| Hallucinations (false perceptions) and delusions (false beliefs) |
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Term
| What is the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders? |
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Definition
| Psychologist's "Bible;" categorizes and details mental disorders |
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Term
| What is psychologist Stanton Samenow’s view of bad behavior in children? |
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Definition
| It's not always the fault of the parents, some children are "born bad" |
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Term
| What did Selma Fraiberg mean by "ghosts in the nursery?" |
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Definition
| The tendency of parents to bring to the rearing of their children the unresolved issues of their own childhood |
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Term
| Why did the authors name the book "Ghosts FROM the nursery"? |
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Definition
| It expresses the idea that murderers and other violent criminals, who were once infants in our communities, are always accompanied by the spirits of he babies they once were together with the force that killed their promise |
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Term
| The case of “Jeffrey” is typical of what kind of murderer? |
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Definition
| Violent and impulsive, but not cold-blooded |
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Term
| What was Jeffrey's crime and sentence? |
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Definition
| Murder and he was sentenced to death. |
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Term
| “...with the possible exception of _______, no one biological or social factor by itself predisposes a child to violent behavior” |
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Definition
| certain rare head injuries |
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Term
| To understand the roots of violence requires understanding the number of risk factors at play in relationship to the number of _______ factors in the child’s environment. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some examples of the "protective factors" the Karr-Morse and Wiley refer to as being at work against the number of violent factors? |
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Definition
| Intelligence, trust, and empathy |
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Term
| What is the background of each of the authors of the textbook? (Karr-Morse and Wiley) |
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Definition
Karr-Morse: Private practice and public service
Wiley: Legal and political background |
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Term
| Why did Karr-Morse and Wiley write this textbook? |
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Definition
| There was too little evidence in the research literature to convince legislatures to give public funds to start programs of preventative social services |
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Term
| In stories like Jeffrey’s, the first chapter, involving ______ , _____ , and infancy, is nearly always missing. This period is the first ____ months of life. |
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Definition
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Term
| We are ________ ____ at predicting dangerousness, with a success rate of ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Who was Robert “Yummy” Sandifer - Was he a kid who fell through the cracks? |
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Definition
11 yr old gang member who shot 14 yr old girl; brought so much negative attention to his gang that they killed him.
There was no crack, society should have known what would happen to him (mom had him at and two others by 15 yrs, he was seriously abused) |
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Term
| Young offenders who at 12 years of age have a history of chronic aggression, show consistent patterns of aggression, bullying, and tantrums by age ___ . |
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Definition
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Term
| As of 1997, the US DOJ found that 1 out of every ___ babies born in the US will do time in a state or federal prison. African American males have a 1 in ___ chance of being incarcerated, and Hispanic males have a 1 in ___ chance. |
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Definition
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Term
| According to the Karr-Morse & Wiley, the ghosts of children lost to rage and despair .., do _________ . |
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Definition
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Term
| While there a no “crime gene,” specific genes have been implicated in violent behavior. For example, Han Brunner found a family with with a specific gene mutation that ______ the neurotransmitter MAO, making them chronically _______ |
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Definition
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Term
| According to Karr-Morse & Wiley, studies show a role for heritable genes in explaining ______ crimes, but not _______ crimes. |
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Definition
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Term
| Understanding the interaction between internal __________ and external _________ is essential to understanding Jeffrey. |
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Definition
| vulnerabilities; risk factors |
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Term
| What is the role of heritable genes versus genetic deficits and alterations due to environmental causes |
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Definition
| Heritable genes may increase the likelihood of stealing, but genetic defects such as prenatal exposure to drugs or alcohol play a strong role in setting the stage for violent behavior. These vulnerabilities in turn render the child even more vulnerable to environmental causes for violence such as abuse or neglect |
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Term
| Bruce Perry - “It’s not the finger that pulls the trigger, it’s the ______ .” |
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Definition
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Term
| Rachel Carson’s “Silent Spring” is... |
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Definition
| A book warning that we may have a silent spring before long if we don't fix the issues plaguing the environment |
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Term
| What are the cumulative effects of toxic experiences and toxic substances? |
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Definition
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Term
| Violence is epidemic in the US. What has been our response? |
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Definition
| To deploy the most rapid rate of incarceration in the world |
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Term
| Psychological testing of Jeffrey shows he is not a _______ (someone with a lifelong pattern of antisocial behavior without remorse); but he has trouble controlling his impulses so he may be _________, since he has ________ relationships, comes from an _____ home, has extreme ________, extreme depression, and early alcohol and substance abuse |
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Definition
| Psychopath; sociopathic; superficial; abusive; anxiety |
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Term
| What do we learn from Chelsea’s and Ryan’s story of the "Humpty Dumpty" years? |
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Definition
Chelsea: deaf but didn't know it until 40, people just thought she was retarded
Ryan: not touched or interacted with until 9 weeks: wouldn't look adults in the face, hated being handled. As adult, relationships difficult, no trust, doesn't like touch
Reminds us there are critical periods which last a lifetime |
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Term
| What is a critical period? |
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Definition
| A window of time in which a specific part of the brain is open to stimulation, after which it closes forever |
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Term
| What is a sensitive period? |
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Definition
| A less precise period than critical periods when it appears that key functions are strongly affected but may not be lost forever |
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Term
| How are critical periods confirmed? How are sensitive periods revealed? |
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Definition
Critical: New graphic imaging techniques that actually illustrate the growth of connections during the critical period
Sensitive: longitudinal study of human behavior |
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Term
| What were the results of Hubel & Wiesel’s study of newborn kittens that experienced sensory deprivation? |
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Definition
| The kittens became blind in the sewn eye, even after the stitching was removed |
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Term
| How do Hubel's kitten study results compare with cases of babies born with cataracts (if not treated by 4 months of age)? Or, children who spend their first 10 years without exposure to language? |
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Definition
Cataracts: Grew up blind
Without language: Cannot learn it |
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Term
| How might the study of breast-feeding mothers who wear heavy perfume be evidence that a critical period exists for the capacity to develop intimate bonds/trust? |
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Definition
| The babies showed a less intense response when their mother's wore perfume because they're naturally attracted to her natural smell |
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Term
| The earlier belief that the brain developed on a preset path determined by heritable genetic programming has been replaced with a picture of the brain as a dynamic organism. What does this mean? |
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Definition
| That it can be affected in this early development, which has future consequences in behavior and cognitive abilities |
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Term
| By the ____th week of gestation, the fetus has developed all (actually, almost all) of the 100 to 200 billion neurons that it will ever have in a lifetime. But by birth, dendrites and synapses have just started to form. Those connections now depend on ______ for completion. |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe Bruce Perry's “use-dependent development” |
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Definition
| Both the organic matter and chemistry of the human brain change in response to our environments to allow us to cope with variables in our world |
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Term
| Basically, how do PET scans work? |
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Definition
| Doctor's inject a short lived, radioactive "tracer" into the patient. The tracer decays at a set rate and emits positrons which the machine picks up and translates |
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Term
| Briefly describe the course of brain development |
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Definition
| Periods of rapid overproduction of synapses and dendrites (offering trillions of unprogrammed circuits), followed by a period of reorganization, followed by pruning of excess connections |
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Term
| What determines which circuits that will get connected? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Robert Sapolsky’s field of specialization? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What did Santiago Ramón y Cajal do? |
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Definition
| First to depict neurons using Golgi staining, describe the structures |
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Term
| In what kinds of ways do the nervous systems of different individuals differ from one another? |
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Definition
| The number of dendrites, neurons and connectors (which can change due to environment), as can axon hillocks |
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Term
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Definition
| Changes in neural pathways and synapses which are due to changes in behavior, environment and neural processes, as well as changes resulting from bodily injury |
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Term
| The Myelin sheath is formed of ______ cells and create an ________ that increases... |
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Definition
| Glial; insulation; the speed with which electrical waves move down an axon |
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Term
| Are people born with myelin sheaths? |
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Definition
| No, they develop them after birth |
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Term
| What is possible after myelin forms? |
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Definition
| New skills are possible, including comprehension and production of language and regulation of behavior |
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Term
| What disease causes the immune system to attack and destroy myelin? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the soma in a motor neuron? A sensory neuron? |
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Definition
Motor: in the spinal cord
Sensory: on a stalk off the main trunk of the axon |
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Term
| What is an afferent versus an efferent axon? |
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Definition
Afferent: brings information into the structure (sensory)
Efferent: carries information away from a structure (motor) |
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Term
| What are interneurons )or intrinsic neurons)? |
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Definition
| A neuron who's dendrites and axons are entirely contained within a single structure |
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Term
| How does one neuron communicate with another? |
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Definition
| The pre-synaptic neuron releases neurotransmitters into the synaptic gap, that in turn bind to receptors on the post-synaptic neuron |
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Term
| What does "selective permeability" mean in regards to neuronal membranes? |
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Definition
| Some chemicals pass through more freely than others (e.g. oxygen, carbon dioxide, urea, and water cross freely while most large or ionic molecules do not) |
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Term
| Membranes of neurons have protein channels or pumps that permit certain _________ to cross. In this way, the membrane maintains an electrical gradient, which is a difference in _______ ________ between the inside and outside of the cell. |
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Definition
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Term
| At rest, sodium-potassium pump actively transports __ sodium (Na+) ions out of the cell while pulling ___ potassium (K+) ions into it. |
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Definition
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Term
| At rest, the neuron works to keep ___ ions out and works to keep ___ ions in. This active transport takes energy. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Define "concentration gradient" |
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Definition
| The difference in distribution of ions across the membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| AKA electrical gradient; a difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of the cell |
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Term
| When the threshold of excitation is reached, ____ ions rush into the neuron explosively until the electrical potential across the membrane ________ polarity. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the "all or none" law? |
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Definition
| The amplitude and velocity of an action potential are independent of the intensity of the stimulus that initiated it, provided that the stimulus reaches the threshold |
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Term
| How are signals of greater intensity (from a stronger stimulus) distinguished from signals of lesser intensity (from a weaker stimulus)? |
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Definition
| By sending more frequent signals for the stronger stimulus |
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Term
| What are the graded potentials of a post-synaptic membrane? |
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Definition
| Amplitude of wavelet depends on how much NT was released and decrements as a function of the distance of the receptor site from axon hillock |
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Term
| Describe what is involved in saltatory conduction |
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Definition
| An action potential moves down the myleinated axon until it reaches a node of Ranvier, where sodium channels are again available and which regenerate the signal |
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Term
| What is the blood-brain barrier? Why do we need it? |
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Definition
| The mechanism that excludes most chemicals from the vertebrate brain; to minimize the risk of brain damage from viruses, bacteria, and harmful chemcials |
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Term
| What is rabies and why is it so dangerous? |
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Definition
| A viral disease that causes acute encephalitis (inflammation of the brain); It infects the central nervous system, ultimately causing disease in the brain and death. |
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Term
| What is the primary source of energy used by neurons? What is required—in enormous amounts—to metabolize this form of energy? |
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Definition
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Term
| Does the source of energy used by neurons cross into the brain via passive or active transport? Why don’t neurons use carbohydrates and fats like other cells do? |
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Definition
| Active transport; They don't cross the blood-brain barrier |
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Term
| What is Korsakoff’s syndrome? |
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Definition
| Prolonged thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency, common in chronic alcoholism. Leads to death of neurons and severe memory impairments |
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Term
| What is temporal and spatial summation? |
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Definition
Temporal: summation over a period of time. Rapid, successive signals create enough excitation to create an AP in the next neuron
Spatial: summation over space. Synaptic inputs from different locations combine their effects on a neuron |
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Term
| What are excitatory and inhibitory NTs? |
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Definition
| Those that either cause an AP or stop one from happening |
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Term
| APs are always depolarizations; graded potentials may be either depolarizations (excitatory) or ________ (inhibitory). |
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Definition
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Term
| A graded depolarization of a membrane is known as an _____ _____ ______ (EPSP). A graded hyperpolarization is known as an _____ _____ _____ (IPSP). |
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Definition
| Excititory postsynaptic potential; inhibitory postsynaptic potential |
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Term
| APs cause ______ to enter pre-synaptic neuron from synapse, which triggers release of NTs from the terminals into the synapse |
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Definition
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Term
| What does a neuron need to synthesize serotonin and where does it get it? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 4 criteria that determine whether a chemical is a NT? |
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Definition
1- Located in the axon terminal
2- Released during the AP
3- Floats across synapse and binds with receptors in postsynaptic neuron
4- Any interference with it will alter the neurochemical events in a predictable manner |
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Term
|
Definition
| Generally considered or reputed to be |
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Term
| What happens to NT molecules once they have been used and then separate from their receptor sites? |
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Definition
| They're either recycled into another vesicle or broken down by enzymes |
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Term
| What can decrease NT availability? |
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Definition
1) autoreceptors in presynaptic neuron detect NT levels and provide negative feedback to inhibit further synthesis of that NT
2) chemicals released by postsynaptic neuron travel to presynaptic terminal and inhibit further release of a NT
3) drugs can block receptor sites for a NT (e.g., the antipsychotic drug Haldol to reduce dopamine in schizophrenics) |
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Term
| What can increase NT availability? |
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Definition
1) drugs that decrease reuptake of the NT
2) drugs that block breakdown of the NT into inactive chemicals
3) drugs can increase the synthesis of a NT
4) drugs that increase effects of a NT (mimics) |
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Term
| What was the significance of a mutation in the genes of males in a Dutch family Han Brunner studied that code for the enzyme monoamine oxidase-A? |
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Definition
| They became abnormally violent and impulsive due to an overabundance of monoamines |
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Term
| What did Caspi et al. (2002) find that further increased our understanding of Brunner's discovery? |
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Definition
| The mutation Brunner found only produced violence if the males were subjected to childhood physical abuse |
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Term
| What did Beaver et al. (2010) find, looking at the defective gene Brunner discovered? |
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Definition
| The mutation also predicted male membership in gangs and their use of weapons |
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Term
| What are the mechanisms for providing NTs “cheaply?” |
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Definition
| They use molecules available in huge amounts in our diets, the synthesis only requires a few steps, the same precursors can become many different NTs, and some NTs can be recycled |
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Term
| Do NTs only have one purpose in the brain? |
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Definition
| No, they have many, depending on where they are used |
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Term
| Define "neuropharmacology" |
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Definition
| The use of drugs to manipulate synaptic communication |
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Term
| How do certain drugs manipulate the neurochemistry of synapses (e.g., LSD; curare; antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia; L-Dopa; Prozac)? |
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Definition
-LSD and all major hallucinogens have virtually the same structure as serortonin, so cause those receptors to fire over and over
-Curare blocks receptors linked to diaphragm that tell it to breathe
-Haldol and Thorazine treat schizophrenia by blocking dopamine receptors
-L-Dopa can treat Parkinson's by increasing the amount of dopamine
-Prozac blocks serotonin pumps from recycling the NT, allowing more serotonin to stay in the synapse |
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Term
| How do local anesthetic drugs (e.g., Novocain) work to reduce pain? |
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Definition
| They block sodium channels in the membrane (don't act at the synapse) |
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Term
| In terms of neuronal stimulation, what is a hallucination? |
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Definition
| When a neuron becomes excited when brain was not responding to any real stimulation |
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Term
| What are agonist and antagonist drugs? |
|
Definition
Agonist: a drug that mimics or increases the effects transmission
Antagonist: drug that blocks a NT |
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Term
| What are the affinity and efficacy of drugs? |
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Definition
Affinity: Drug's ability to bind to a receptor
Efficacy: Drug's tendency to activate the receptor |
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Term
| It is said that, "there is no free lunch" when it comes to neuropharmacology. Provide an example of this. |
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Definition
| Parkinson's disease is thought to be caused by low serotonin in the area of the brain responsible for smooth muscle movements. Parkinson's patients are give the dopamine precursor L-DOPA to balance this. However, this increases dopamine EVERYWHERE in the brain, so could lead to psychotic symptoms much like schizophrenics suffer from |
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Term
| What is tardive dyskinisea? |
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Definition
| A disorder resulting in involuntary, repetitive body movements with a slow or belated onset |
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