Term
Aves: birds evolved from a lineage of small, two-legged dinosaurs called theropods [image] |
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Definition
[image] Fossils have been found with theropods having feathers. [image] Living birds have evolved from a lineage of birds that survived the Cretaceous mass extinctions. [image] Many features help reduce weight for flight: present- day birds lack teeth; tail is supported by only a few small vertebrae; feathers have hollow shafts; bones have a honeycombed structure [image] Providing power for flight are large breast (flight) muscles: anchored to a keel-like breast bone; the “white meat” on a turkey or chicken is the flight muscles [image] Present-day birds have a high rate of metabolism and are endothermic [image] Insulating feathers help to maintain their warm body temperature [image] Have scales on their feet and an amniotic egg (which are covered with a hard shell) [image] Have a highly efficient circulatory system [image] Have the best vision [image] Kingdom: Animalia; Phylum: Chordata; Sub-phyla: Vertebrata; Class: Aves |
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Term
Hydrostatic Skeleton [image] |
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Definition
| water based skeleton. Don’t contain hard structures (bones). Structure found in many cold-blooded organisms and soft-bodied animals. Coelom, surrounded by muscles. Provides a rigid structure against which muscles contract, moving the animal. Star fish, jellyfish, earthworms, and nematodes. |
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Term
Porifera (Sponges) [image] |
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Definition
| stationary animals; invertebrate; lack body symmetry. Examples of suspension feeders (filter feeders): animals that collect food particles from water passed through some type of food-trapping equipment. Adult sponges are sessile (anchored in place). Have no nerves or muscles |
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Term
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Definition
· Gelatinous region: body of sponge that are two layers of cells · Choanocytes: inner layer of the gelatinous region; flagellated cells, that help to sweep water through the sponges body · Amoebocytes- middle body region; produce skeletal fibers; produces sponging; pick up food packaged in food vacuoles from choanocytes, digest it, and carry the nutrients to other cells · Spongin: skeletal fibers, flexible protein made from amoebocytes; less dense than water, helps keep it stand up · Spicules- skeleton of sponge; made up of glass, protein or calcium carbonate |
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Term
Cephalopods: (phylum: mollusca, sub- phylum: invertebrata) [image] |
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Definition
| with an internal shell it’s a squid; without a shell it’s an octopus. Use beak-like jaws and a radula to crush or rip prey apart. Mouth is at the base of the food. All cephalopods have large brains and sophisticated sense organs. Cephalopods have the most complex eyes: each eye contains a lens that focuses light and a retina on which clear images form. |
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Term
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Definition
| segmented worms (resemble a series of fused rings, which allows for greater flexibility and mobility). All segments contain a well-developed coelom that is partitioned by membranous septa. Range in length from less than 1mm to 3m. Found in damp soil, in the sea, and in most freshwater habitats. Most are bottom- dwelling scavengers. There are three main groups of annelids: earthworms and their relatives, polychaetes, and leeches. The circulatory system of annelids is closed meaning that all blood is contained within blood vessels. |
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Term
Earthworms and their relatives (annelids) [image] |
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Definition
| the coelom is partitioned by membrane walls. The nervous system includes a simple brain and a ventral nerve cord with a cluster of nerve cells in each segment. Excretory organs dispose fluid wastes. The digestive tract is not segmented (passes through the segment walls from the mouth to the anus). Earthworms are hermaphrodites. |
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Term
Polychaetes (annelids) [image] |
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Definition
| move and eat by chaetae (fleshy, paddle- like appendages with many stiff bristles). The appendages are richly supplied with blood vessels and function in gas exchange. Most polychaetes are marine. |
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Term
Leeches (annelids) [image] |
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Definition
majority in habit fresh water. When leeches suck the blood, the host is usually oblivious to this attack because the leech secretes an anesthetic as well as an anticoagulant into the wound. Physicians used leeches for bloodletting. |
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Term
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Definition
| radial animals with tentacles and stinging cells. The oldest group among eumetazoans; includes the hydras, jellies, sea anemones, and corals. Characterized by radial symmetry and only two tissue layers. Cnidarians are carnivores that use their tentacles to capture prey. They only have one opening, which is the mouth. The simple body of most cnidarians has an outer epidermis and an inner cell layer that lines the digestive cavity. Coral animals are cnidarians that secrete a hard external skeleton. Many coral animals harbor symbiotic algae that produce food for the corals. |
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Term
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Definition
· BODY: Cnidarians exhibit two kinds of radially symmetrical body forms (polyp, medusa). Medusa: marine jelly. Move freely about in the water; they are shaped like an umbrella with a fringe of tentacles around the lower edge. The mouth is in the center of the undersurface. · Hydra: common in freshwater ponds and lakes; have a cylindrical body with tentacles projecting from one end (polyp). The mouth is on the top of the body. · Cnidocytes: unique stinging cells that function in defense and in capturing prey. |
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Term
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Definition
| (flatworms): the simplest of bilateral animals. They are ribbon like and range in length from about 1mm to 20m and live in marine, freshwater, and damp terrestrial habitats. Have a gastrovascular cavity with one opening. There are three major groups of flatworms: turbellaria (free-living flatworms), trematoda (flukes), and cestodes (tape-worms). |
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Term
Turbellaria: Platyhelminthes [image] |
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Definition
| (free-living flatworms) also called planarian; live on the undersurfaces of rocks in freshwater ponds and streams. Have muscles which enable them to twist and turn. They use cilia to crawl. |
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Term
Trematoda: Platyhelminthes [image] |
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Definition
| (flukes) live as parasites in other animals. Many have suckers that attach to their host and a tough protective covering. Can cause a long-lasting disease called schistosomiasis that affects 200 million people around the world. |
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Term
Cestods: Platyhelminthes [image] |
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Definition
| a parasitic group of flatworms. Adult tapeworms inhabit the digestive tracts of vertebrates, including humans. Most tapeworms have a very long, ribbon like body with repeated units; and they have a digestive tract. Live in partially digested food in the intestines of their hosts. |
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Term
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Definition
| roundworms make up the phylum nematoda. Have bilateral symmetry and three-tissue layer construction. Have fluid-filled body cavity and a digestive tract with two openings (complete digestive tract). Their body is covered with a cuticle and when it grows the cuticle sheds. Nematodes live virtually everywhere there is rotting organic layer matter, which makes them important decomposers in soil and bottoms of lakes and oceans. Others thrive as parasites in moist tissues. Many mammals (including humans) are hosts to these worms. You can acquire these worms by eating undercooked pork. |
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Term
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Definition
| segmented animals with jointed appendages and an exoskeleton. Includes crayfish, lobsters, crabs, barnacles, spiders, ticks, and insects. Numbers about a billion billion (10^18) individuals. Arthropoda must be regarded as the most successful animal phylum. Their body is covered by an exoskeleton (external skeleton that protects the animal and provides points of attachment for the muscles that move the appendages). Have an open circulatory system. |
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Term
Chelicrates (horseshoe crabs): arthropoda [image] |
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Definition
| “living fossils.” Common on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States. Living chelicrates also include the scorpions, spiders, ticks, and mites, collectively called arachnids. |
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Term
Millipedes & Centipedes: arthropoda [image] |
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Definition
| millipedes are worm like terrestrial creatures that eat decaying plant matter. Centipedes are terrestrial carnivores with a pair of poison claws used in defense and to paralyze prey. |
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Term
Crustaceans: arthropoda [image] |
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Definition
are nearly all aquatic. Includes lobsters, crayfish, crabs, shrimps, and barnacles. |
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Term
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Definition
| the subdivision of the body along its length into a series of repeated parts (segments). A segmented body allows for greater flexibility and mobility. |
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Term
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Definition
| Includes snails, slugs, oysters, clams, octopuses, squids, among others. Soft-bodied animals, but most are protected by a hard shell. BASIC BODY PLAN: foot, visceral mass (contains internal organs), mantle (tissue underneath shell), radula (used to scrape food). Mollusks have a true coelom and a circulatory system. |
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Term
Gastropods: mollusks [image] |
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Definition
snails, slugs. Only mollusks that live on land. Found in fresh water and salt-water. Most are protected by a shell. Many have a distinct head with eyes at the tips of tentacles. |
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Term
Bivalves: mollusks [image] |
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Definition
| clams, scallops, oysters. Have shells divided into two halves that are hinged together. Most live in sand or mud. |
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Term
Cephalopods:mollusks [image] |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the grasshopper. Others include: crickets, katydids, and locusts. Have biting and chewing mouthparts, have large hind legs, and two pairs of wings. |
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Term
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Definition
dragonflies and damselflies. Have two pairs of similar wings, large compound eyes, chewing mouthparts and are carnivorous. |
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Term
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Definition
| “true bugs.” Include bedbugs, plant bugs, stinkbugs, and water striders. Have piercing, sucking mouthparts, true bugs have two pairs of wings. Most feed on plant sap. Water striders can walk on water because of surface tension. |
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Term
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Definition
| Beetles (makes up the largest order in the animal kingdom). Have biting and chewing mouthparts, includes carnivores, herbivores, and omnivores. Also have two wings, but only the hindwings function in flight. |
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Term
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Definition
| moths and butterflies. Have two pairs of wings, with the hind pair being smaller (covered by scales), mouthparts form a long drinking tube. |
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Term
Order Diptera [image][image] |
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Definition
| flies, fruit flies, houseflies, gnats, and mosquitoes. Have a single pair of wings, small organs called halteres, lapping mouthparts. |
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Term
Order Hymenoptera [image][image] |
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Definition
| ants, bees, and wasps. Have two pairs of hind wings, chewing and sucking mouthparts, some are herbivorous and carnivorous. Females have a posterior stinging organ. Many display social organization. |
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Term
Characteristics of ray-finned fish [image] |
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Definition
| tuna, trout, goldfish. Fins are supported by thin, flexible skeletal rays. Most have flattened scales which helps reduce drag during swimming because the coating of mucus. Each side of the head has a protective flap,(operculum), which allows the fish to breathe without swimming. Have a swim-bladder, which helps with buoyancy. |
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Term
| Advantages of Segmentation |
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Definition
| allows for greater flexibility and mobility |
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Term
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Definition
| lacking symmetry; in the simplest of animals |
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Term
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Definition
| the body parts are arranged in a regular manner around a central axis; body parts radiate from the center. Animals in this group are sessile (stationary) and can reach out in all directions to get food. Have a top and bottom, but NOT a right and left sides. Meets environment equally on all sides. |
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Term
Bilateral symmetry [image] |
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Definition
only one longitudinal cut that leads to two equal halves. Animal has a right and left half as well as an anterior (front) and posterior (back) section. Generally move in one direction. Active, travel head first; eyes and other sense organs contact the environment first. |
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Term
Different Mouth Parts of Insects |
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Definition
| Order Orthoptera: (grasshopper) biting and chewing mouthparts. Chewing plant material Order Odonata: (dragonflies) chewing mouthparts; carnivorous, often catching and eating other insects while flying. Order Hemiptera: (“true bugs,” bed bugs) piercing and sucking mouthparts, most feed on plant sap. Order Coleoptera: (beetles) biting and chewing mouthparts; carnivores, herbivores, and omnivores. Order Lepidoptera: (moths/butterflies) mouthparts form a long drinking tube. Tube is coiled under the head when not in use Order Diptera: (mosquitoes) piercing, sucking mouthparts; some have lapping mouthparts and feed on nectar or other liquid. Piercing skin and sucking blood Order Hymenoptera: (bees, ant) chewing and sucking mouthparts; some are herbivorous and/or carnivorous. |
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Term
Characteristics of Reptiles [image] |
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Definition
1. amniotes-tetrapods with a terrestrially adapted egg. Includes lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodilians, and birds. The major derived character of this clade is the amniotic egg; which enables the reptiles to complete their life cycles on land. · Their skin is covered with scales waterproofed with the protein keratin (keeps the body from drying out). · Can’t breathe through their skin; obtains most oxygen with their lungs. · “Cold blooded (ectothermic);” don’t use their metabolism to produce body heat. |
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Term
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Definition
1. distinguished by four features. · Dorsal, hollow nerve · Notochord: flexible, supportive, longitudinal rod located between the digestive tract and the nerve cord · Pharyngeal slits: located in the pharynx, the region just behind the mouth · Post-anal tail: a tail posterior to the anus |
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Term
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Definition
| stationary and look more like small sacs. Suspension feeders. Often called sea squirts |
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Term
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Definition
feed on suspended particles. Small, bladelike chordates that live in marine sands. Have segmental muscles that flex their body from side to side. Have body segmentation. |
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Term
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Definition
| vertebrates that lack hinged jaws. Represent the oldest living lineage of vertebrates. Clamps to sides of fishes, penetrates the skin with its mouth, and sucks the victim’s blood. Decimated fish populations as they spread. |
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Term
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Definition
1. have a body cavity where internal body organs are found. True coelom have a body cavity that is completely lined by mesoderm. (segmented worms) |
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Term
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Definition
| body cavity that is incompletely lined with mesoderm. (roundworm) |
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Term
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Definition
| don’t have a coelom (flatworm) |
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Term
Bilateral Symmetry & Evolution of the Head |
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Definition
1. animals in this group generally move in one direction which lead to the development of a head region. Since your head hits the environment first, you want all of the nerves and senses to be put where it hits first. |
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Term
Classes of Chordates [image] |
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Definition
· Agnathans (jawless fishes/ hayfish, lampreys) *only invertabrates · Placoderms (extinct armoured fish) · Chrondrichthyes (skeletons of cartilage) · Osteichthyes (bony fish)—gave rise to amphibians · Amphibia· Reptilia · Aves (birds) · Mammalia |
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Term
Endotherms & Ectoderms [image][image] |
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Definition
1. Endotherms: innermost of the three primary germ layers in animal embryos. Gives rise to the liver, pancreas, lungs, and the lining of the digestive tract. (warm-blooded) mammals, birds Ectoderm: outermost of the three primary germ layers in animal embryos. Gives rise to the outer covering and sometimes the nervous system, inner ear, and lens of the eyes. (cold-blooded) reptiles, snakes, etc. |
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Term
| Most numerous and widespread animal phylum because |
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Definition
| their segmentation, hard exoskeleton (external skeleton that protects the animal and provides points of attachment for the muscles that move the appendages) , and their jointed appendages, open circulatory system. |
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Term
Open & Closed Circulatory System [image][image] |
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Definition
1. Open Circulatory System: blood is pumped through vessels that open into body cavities where organs are bathed directly in blood. EX. many invertebrates, most molluscs and ALL arthropods. Closed Circulatory System: blood remains enclosed in vessels as it distributes nutrients and oxygen throughout the body. Ex. vertebrates, humans |
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Term
Emergent Properties of the Kingdom: Animalia |
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Definition
· Endothermic pelts (internal body heat) , fur, milk |
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Term
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Definition
Invertebrates appeared in the Precambrian Era (575 million years ago). Increase in diversity occulted in the Cambrian Era. The ancestor may have resembled modern choanoflagellates (colonial protists that are the closest living relatives of animals). |
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Term
Tetrapods evolved from: [image] |
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Definition
1. lobe-finned fish/bony fish (Osteichthyes). Vertebrates with two pairs of limbs. Jawed vertebrates with limbs and feet that can support their weight on land. |
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Term
| Emergent properties of mammals |
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Definition
| amniotes that have hair and produce milk (mammary glands); differentiation of teeth adapted for eating many kinds of foods. |
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Term
| Invertebrates and Vertebrates |
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Definition
1. Invertebrates: lack a backbone; most animals are invertebrates. Ex. Porifera (sponges), Cnidarians (jellyfish), Platyhelminthes (flatworms), Nematoda (roundworms), Mollusca (snails), Annelids (segmented worms), Arthropoda (lobster, insects), Echinodermata (star fish), Tunicates & Lancelets. Vertebrates: distinguished by a more extensive skull and a backbone. Enclose the main parts of the nervous systems; endoskeleton. · Placoderms (extinct armoured fish) · Chrondrichthyes (skeletons of cartilage) · Osteichthyes (bony fish)—gave rise to amphibians · Amphibia· Reptilia · Aves (birds) · Mammalia |
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Term
Deuterstomes & Protosomes [image][image] |
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Definition
1. Deuterstomes: anus-first; first embryological opening becomes the anus. Includes echinoderms (stars fish) and chordates. Protostomes: mouth first; first embryological opening becomes the mouth. Includes mollusks (snails), annelids (segmented worms), and arthropods (lobsters). |
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Term
| Tunicates are chordates because |
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Definition
| have a dorsal, hollow nerve, notochord, pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail |
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Term
Characteristics of Platyhelminthes (flatworms): [image] |
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Definition
| simplest of the bilaterians; ribbon-like animals; definite head region. They are acoelmate and their gastrovascular cavity has only one opening serving as the mouth and anus. Also have a mesoderm. |
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