Alcohol

Aldehyde

Carboxylic Acid

Thiol (Sulfhydryl)

Ketone

Amines

Hydroxyl

Group

Acyl

Group

Carbonyl 

Group

Carboxylate

Group

Sulfhydryl (Thiol)

Group

Amino

Group

Phosphate 

Group

Phosphoryl

Group

Ester Linkage

Ether

Linkage

Amide

Linkage

Phosphate ester

Linkage

Carboxyphosphate

Linkage

Phosphoanhydride

Linkage

Adenine

bicyclic or not?

how many oxygens?

what does it bind with?

found in RNA or DNA?

[image]

Yes Bicyclic

no oxygens

Uracil or Thymine

Found in both RNA and DNA

Cytosine

bicyclic or not?

how many oxygens?

what does it bind with?

found in RNA or DNA?

[image]

Not bicyclic

One oxygen

Binds with Guanine

Found in RNA and DNA

Guanine

bicyclic or not?

how many oxygens?

what does it bind with?

found in RNA or DNA?

[image]

bicyclic

one oxygen

binds with cytosine

found in RNA and DNA

Thymine

bicyclic or not?

how many oxygens?

what does it bind with?

found in RNA or DNA?

[image]

not bicyclic

2 oxygens and a methyl

binds with Adenine

Found in DNA only

Uracil

bicyclic or not?

how many oxygens?

what does it bind with?

found in RNA or DNA?

[image]

Not bicyclic

2 oxygens

Binds with Adenine

Found in RNA only

Ribose and Deoxyribose

Nucleotide Monomers

are composed of:

A 5 carbon sugar

A heterocyclic nitrogenous base

Phosphate groups

What does ATP ( Adenosine triphosphate)

actually look like?

Each amino acid

contains:

A Carboxylate group

Amino Group

Side Chain 

What are the different

ways to represent a carbohydrate structure?

Linear (Fischer projections)

or

Cyclic

Lipids are solvable in ____

and extracted from______

Solvable in organic solvents

Extracted from cells using organic solvents

Lipids containing fatty acids

Waxes, Fats and Oils 

Not steroids; no fatty acids in steriods

DNA Replication

DNA replicates its genome

Takes place in the nucleus

Catalyzed by DNA Polymerase

Transcription

DNA→RNA

Takes place in the nucleus

catalyzed by RNA polymerase

ALL RNA IS MADE THIS WAY

Translation

RNA→protein

Takes place in the cytoplasm on ribosomes

Catalyzed by ribosomes which act as the enzyme

What is the difference between a

Virus and Bacteriophage?

Virus: technically not alive, needs other organisms in order to replicate

Bacteriophage: a virus that utilizes bacteria as host

What is the difference between a

Virus and Bacteriophage?

Virus: technically not alive, needs other organisms in order to replicate

Bacteriophage: a virus that utilizes bacteria as host

Bond enthalpies 

list some strong ones 

and some weak ones

Strong: H-F, O-H, N-H

Weak: O-O, C-C, H-H

List some details

about water

104.5º

tetrahedral electronic geometry

bent/angular molecular geometry

can hydrogen bond with other water molecules

Hydrogen Bonding

Bond arises in part from the high electronegativity of F, O and N.

List some

Non-Covalent Forces

Charge-Charge interactions

Hydrogen bonding

Van der Waals forces

Describe

Charge-Charge

(aka.Electrostatic Interactions)

Occurs between charged particles

Strongest type of non-covalent force

charge repulsion with same charged groups

weakened by water

can extend over longer distances than others

Describe

hydrogen bonding

second strongest non-covalent interaction

H is bonded to O, N or F

2.5-3.5 Å

Describe

Van der Waals Interactions

3-5Å and weak bond

Permanent dipoles of 2 uncharged molecules

Permanent dipole and induced dipole

can be attractive or dispersive

the sum of many of these weak forces can stabilize a protein fold

Describe hydrophobic interactions

2 non polar molecules interacting with one another

Depends on entropy (when water  molecules that surround a non polar molecule are free to interact with each other in solution) 

A molecule that can act as an acid or a base

Amphiprotic

A molecule that has both hydrophobic chains and hydrophilic heads 

Amphipathic

What is the difference between strong acids and weak acids?

Strong Acids completely dissociate in water. 

Weak Acids only partially dissociate in water.

3.16