Term
| ATP (adenosine triphosphate) |
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Definition
| An adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells. |
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Definition
| (1) The overall flow and transformation of energy in an organism. (2) The study of how energy flows through organisms. |
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| A chemical agent that selectively increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. |
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| The capacity to cause change, especially to do work (to move matter against an opposing force). |
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| A method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway. |
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Term
| first law of thermodynamics |
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Definition
| The principle of conservation of energy: Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed. |
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Term
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Definition
| The portion of a biological system's energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system. The change in free energy of a system (DG) is calculated by the equation DG = DH - TDS, where DH is the change in enthalpy (in biological systems, equivalent to total energy), T is the absolute temperature, and DS is the change in entropy. |
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| The total amount of kinetic energy due to the random motion of atoms or molecules in a body of matter; also called thermal energy. Heat is energy in its most random form. |
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Definition
| Caused by entry of the substrate, the change in shape of the active site of an enzyme so that it binds more snugly to the substrate. |
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Definition
| The energy associated with the relative motion of objects. Moving matter can perform work by imparting motion to other matter. |
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Definition
| A series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex molecule (anabolic pathway) or breaks down a complex molecule to simpler molecules (catabolic pathway). |
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| The totality of an organism's chemical reactions, consisting of catabolic and anabolic pathways, which manage the material and energy resources of the organism. |
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Term
| noncompetitive inhibitors |
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Definition
| A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing the enzyme's shape so that the active site no longer effectively catalyzes the conversion of substrate to product. |
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Definition
| The energy that matter possesses as a result of its location or spatial arrangement (structure). |
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Term
| second law of thermodynamics |
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Definition
| The principle stating that every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe. Usable forms of energy are at least partly converted to heat. |
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Definition
| A process that occurs without an overall input of energy; a process that is energetically favorable. |
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Definition
| The reactant on which an enzyme works. |
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| The study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter. See first law of thermodynamics; second law of thermodynamics. |
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Term
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Definition
| different (allosteric site: a specific receptor site on some part of an enzyme molecule remote from the active site) |
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Definition
| up (anabolic pathway: a metabolic pathway that consumes energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones) |
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Definition
| life (bioenergetics: the study of how organisms manage their energy resources) |
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| down (catabolic pathway: a metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones) |
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Definition
| within (endergonic reaction: a reaction that absorbs free energy from its surroundings) |
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| out (exergonic reaction: a reaction that proceeds with a net release of free energy) |
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Definition
| movement (kinetic energy: the energy of motion) |
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Definition
| heat (thermodynamics: the study of the energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter) |
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Definition
Rank these by reaction rate, as measured by the rate of product formation (from the most product formed to the least product formed). To rank items as equivalent, overlap them.
Enzyme B-Enzyme A- Uncatalyzed |
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Term
| the highest energy form of adenosine |
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Definition
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