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The totality of an organism's chemical reactions
Emergent property of life, arises from the interactions between molecules within a cell |
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Begins with a specific molecule and ends with a product
Each step catalyzed by a specific enzyme |
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Release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds
Cellular respiration is a catabolic pathway |
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| The breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen |
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Consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones
Protein synthesis is anabolic |
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| Study of how organisms manage their resources |
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The capacity to cause change
Exists in various forms, some of which can perform work |
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-Kinetic Energy: associated with movement
-Thermal Energy: Kinetic energy associated with the random movement of molecules and atoms
-Potential Energy: energy that matter possesses because of location or structure
-Chemical Energy: Potential energy that can be unleashed in a chemical reaction |
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| The study of energy transformations |
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Closed - isolated from surroundings entirely
Open - energy and matter can transfer between the system and surroundings, organisms are open systems |
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| First Law of Thermodynamics |
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Definition
Principle of conservation of energy
Energy can be transfered and transformed but never created or destroyed |
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| Second Law of Thermodynamics |
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Definition
"Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy (disorder) of the universe"
During every trans, some energy is unusable, often lost as heat |
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Occurs without energy input
Can be fast or slow
Must increase the entropy of the universe to be spontaneous |
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| Biological Order and Disorder |
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Definition
Organisms create more ordered structures from less order materials
Also create more disordered matter and energy
Energy flows into ecosystems as light and exits as heat |
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| Energy that can do work when temperature and pressure are uniform as in a living cell |
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Change in free energy (dG) is related to change is enthalpy (dH), change in entropy (dS) and temp in Kelvin (T)
dG = dH -TdS
Need a -dG to be spontaneous |
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Definition
Free energy is a measure of a system's instability, or tendency to move to a more ordered state
Equilibrium is maximum stability |
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Exergonic Reaction
Endergonic Reaction |
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Definition
Ex - proceeds with a net release of free energy, is spontaneous
End - absorbs free energy from surroundings, is nonspontaneous |
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| Equilibrium and Metabolism |
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Definition
Cells are open systems, not in equilibrium
Defining feature of life is metabolism is never at equilibirum |
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| Chemical, Transport and Mechanical |
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Definition
The use of exergonic reactions to drive endergonic reactions
Most coupling is mediated by ATP |
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Term
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Definition
Adenosine Triphosphate
The cell's energy shuttle
Composed of Ribose (a sugar), Adenine (a nitrogenous base) and 3 phospate groups |
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Definition
Bonds between Phosphate groups in tail can be broken
Energy released from ATP when terminal bond is broken
Energy comes from chemical change to state of lower free energy, not the bonds themselves |
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| ATP drives endergonic reactions by transferring a phosphate group to a molecule, making it less stable |
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ATP is a renewable resources created by bonding a phosphate group onto ADP (adenosine diphosphate)
The energy to do so comes from catabolic reactions |
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| A chemical agent that speeds up a reaction by lowering the energy barrier without being consumed by the reaction |
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"Free energy of activation"
Initial energy needed to start a chemical reaction
Often supplied by heat from the surroundings |
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Substrate
Enzyme-Substrate Complex
Active Site - region on the enzyme where the reactant binds
Induced fit - of a substrate brings chemical groups of the active site into position to enhance their ability to catalyze the reaction |
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| Enzyme lowering Activation Energy |
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Definition
Orienting substrates correctly
Straining substrate bonds
Providing favorable microenvironment
Covalently bonding to substrate |
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Definition
Temperature and pH
Chemicals that specifically effect the enzyme |
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Definition
Non-protein enzyme helpers (maybe inorganic or organic)
Organic cofactor is called a coenzyme (such as vitamins) |
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Competitive Inhibitor
Non-Competitive Inhibitor |
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Definition
Comp - Binds to the active site, competing with the substrate
NonComp - Binds to another part of the enzyme making it less effective |
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Definition
May either inhibit or stimulate an enzyme's activity
Occurs when a regulatory molecule binds to a protein at one site and affects the function at another site |
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Allosteric regulation that can amplify enzyme activity
binding by a substrate to one active site stabilizes favorable conformational changes at all other subunits |
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The end product of a metabolic pathway shuts down that pathway
Prevents a cell from wasting resources making more of something than it needs |
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