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| What evidence came from the Mars meteorite that suggested there may have been life on Mars? |
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Definition
| Ice and the presence of complex molecules containing the element carbon. The simple organic molecules are carbonates, molecules containing carbon and oxygen, and hydrocarbons, made up of chains and rings of carbon and hydrogen. Carbonates and hydrocarbons can for under certain natural conditions even without the presence of life. |
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| What evidence was NOT on the meteor that would have further strengthened that conclusion? |
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Definition
| Lacked convincing evidence of macromolecules-organic molecules that are known to be produced only by living organisms. |
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| All of the physical and chemical reactions that produce and use energy. |
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| The steady state condition an organism works to maintain. |
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| The substance that is dissolved in a solution. |
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| A substance, such as water, that a solute is dissolved in to make a solution. |
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| Any starting material in a chemical reaction. |
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| The modified chemical that results from a chemical or enzymatic reaction. |
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| A positively charged subatomic particle. |
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| An electrically neutral particle found in the nucleus of an atom. |
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| A negatively charged subatomic particle. |
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| A substance that cannot be broken down into any other substance. |
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| The mass number (A), also called atomic mass number or nucleon number, is the total number of protons and neutrons (together known as nucleons) in an atomic nucleus. |
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Definition
polar molecule:
Oxygen side is slightly negative
Hydrogen side is slightly positive
Has a positive and negative charge. (Like a magnet)
ex. water
Describes a molecule with regions having different charges; capable of ionizing. |
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Definition
Won't dissolve in water. Hy-drophobic.
When molecules have no charges |
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| What properties (7) must something have in order to be considered living? |
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Definition
Reproduce
Metabolism
Homeostasis
Cells
Respond to stimuli
Grow
Common set of biological molecules |
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| Why is water so important to life? |
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Definition
| We are mostly made of water 70% |
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Term
| What role does hydrogen bonding play in the formation of water? |
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Definition
| A type of weak chemical bond in which a hydrogen atom of one molecule is attracted to an electronegative atom of another molecule. |
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| The tendency for molecules of the same material to stick together. |
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| why cohesion important to living systems as a property of water? |
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Definition
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| What does hydrophobic mean? |
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Definition
Not able to dissolve in water.
ex. Nonpolar molecules, such as oil, do not contain charged atoms. (water–hating) |
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| What does hydrophilic mean? |
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Definition
| Readily dissolving in water. Water can dissolve salts and hydrophilic (water–loving) molecules because it is polar. |
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| A substance that increases the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution. pH lower than 7. Has more hydrogen’s h+ |
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| A substance that reduces the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution. More hydroxides oh-.pH greater than 7. |
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| A logarithmic measure of the hydrogen ion concentration ranging from 0-14. Lower numbers indicate higher hydrogen ion concentrations. (the scale is a measure of the relative amounts of acids and bases in a solution.) |
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| What is organic chemistry? |
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Definition
| The chemistry of carbon-containing substances. What all life on Earth is based on. |
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| Why is carbon such an important molecule for living organisms? |
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Definition
| Carbon makes up most of the mass of living organisms. |
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| What’s the difference between ionic and covalent bonds? |
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Definition
Ionic-A chemical bond resulting from the attraction of oppositely charged ions.
covalent-A type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share electrons. |
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| What is the difference between micro- and macromolecules? What are examples of each? |
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Definition
Macromolecule-Any of the large molecules including polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids, composed of subunits joined by dehydration synthesis. Major source of energy for cells
ex.-Carbohydrates: molecules of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen
Proteins: polymers of amino acids; joined by peptide bonds
Micromolecule-A molecule that is relatively smaller (than a macromolecule), or of low molecular weight.
ex.-Monomers are considered a micromolecule that can be linked together to form polymer (which is a macromolecule). Inorganic compounds like water and minerals are examples of micromolecules. |
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Term
| What are the building block molecules of a carbohydrate, protein and a fat? |
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Definition
Carbohydrate-Energy-rich molecule that is the major source of energy for the cell. Consists of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the ratio CH2O. Carbohydrates: molecules of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. Major source of energy for cells
Protein-Cellular constituents made of amino acids coded for by genes. Proteins can have structural, transport, or enzymatic roles. Proteins: polymers of amino acids; joined by peptide bonds
Fat-Energy-rich, hydrophobic lipid molecule composed of a three-carbon glycerol skeleton bonded to three fatty acids. |
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Term
| What is a polysaccharide, monosaccharide, and disaccharide? Can you give an example of each? |
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Definition
Polysaccharide-A carbohydrate composed of three or more monosaccharides. Ex. glycogen, cellulose, starches, and chitin
Monosaccaride- Simple sugar (one) Ex. Glucose, Fructose, and Galactose.
Disaccharide-A double sugar consisiting of two monosaccharides joined together by a glycosidic linkage. Ex.- Surcose which is a micture of (Glucose + fructose)
Lactose..................................(Glucose + galactose)
Maltose..................................(Glucose + glucose) |
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Term
| What role do proteins play in living systems? What are they made of and what holds them together? |
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Definition
Protein-Cellular constituents made of amino acids coded for by genes. Proteins can have structural, transport, or enzymatic roles. Proteins are made up of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen.Proteins: polymers of amino acids; joined by peptide bonds
There are 20 different amino acids, with different chemical properties.
Different combinations of amino acids give proteins different properties. |
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Definition
| Hydrophobic molecule including fats, phospholipids, and steroids. Hydrophobic; composed mostly of carbon and hydrogen. Three types: Fat, Cholesterol, and Steroid. |
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Term
| Be able to briefly define a fat, steroid, and phospholipid. What roles do each play in living systems? |
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Definition
fat-Energy-rich, hydrophobic lipid molecule composed of a three-carbon glycerol skeleton bonded to three fatty acids.
Steroid-naturally occurring or synthetic organic fat-soluble substance that produces physiologic effects.
ne of three types of lipids, phospholipids are components of cell membranes. |
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Term
| What is DNA comprised of? |
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Definition
| Molecule of heredity that stores the information required for making all of the proteins required by the cell. The structure of a DNA molecule is a double helix. It is made of an alternating phosphate and sugar molecules in a linked chain. It is also composed of 4 nitrogenous bases. |
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| What are the 4 nitrogenous bases in DNA? |
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Definition
| denine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T) |
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| How do the 4 nitrogenous bases in DNA bond to one another? |
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| How do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ? What do they have in common? |
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Definition
Prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler in structure.They probably resemble the earliest cells to arise on Earth.Some structures in the Martian meteorite resemble them.
All cells are surrounded by a plasma membrane.
Prokaryotes do not have a true nucleus.
Eukaryotic cells are much more complex.
Have true nuclei surrounded by a membrane
Also have membrane-bound organelles with specialized jobs |
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Definition
| All cells are surrounded by a plasma membrane. It is composed of a bilayer of phospholipids perforated by proteins. Proteins in the bilayer help transport substances across the hydrophobic core of the membrane. Cholesterol in the membranes of animal cells helps maintain the fluidity of the membrane. |
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| Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus. The nucleus is a spherical structure surrounded by two membranes, together called the nuclear envelope. the nuclear envelope is studded with nuclear pores that regulate traffic into and out of the nucleus. Inside the nucleus is chromatin, composed of DNA and proteins. The nucleolus is where ribosomes are produced. |
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| a membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes that degrade proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. Lysosomes roam around the cell and engulf targeted molecules and organelles for recycling. |
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Definition
| an important organelle present in plant cells, uses the sun's energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars. Each chloroplast has an outer membrane, and inner membrane, a liquid interior called the stroma, and a network of membranous sacs called thylakoids that stack on one another to form structures called grana. Contain pigment molecules that give green parts of plants their color. |
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Definition
| found in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Built in the nucleolus and shipped out of the nucleus through nuclear pores to the cytoplasm, where they are used as workbenches for protein synthesis. They can be found floating in the cytoplasm or tethered to the ER. |
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Term
| Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) |
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Definition
| a large network of membranes that begins at the nuclear envelope and extends into the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell. With ribosomes attached is called rough ER. Proteins synthesized on rough ER will be secreted from the cell or will become part of the plasma membrane. ER without ribosomes attached is called smooth ER. The function or the smooth ER depends on cell type but includes tasks such as detoxifying harmful substances and synthesizing lipids. Vesicles are pinched-off pieces of membrane that transport substances to the Golgi apparatus or plasma membrane. |
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Definition
| A stack of membranous sacs. Vesicles from the ER fuse with it and empty their contents. The proteins are then modified, sorted, and sent to the correct destination in new transport vesicles that bud off from the sacs. |
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Definition
| Barrel-shaped rings composed of microtubules that help move chromosomes around when a cell divides. Centrioles are involved in microtubule formation during cell division and the formation or cilia and flagella. |
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Term
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Definition
| plant and animal cells contain this, energy-producing organelles surrounded by two membranes. The inner and outer membranes are separated by the intermembrane space. The highly convoluted inner membrane carries many of the proteins involved in producing ATP. The matrix of the mitochondrion is the location of many of the reactions of cellular respiration. |
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Term
| 16. What makes a plant cell different than an animal cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the structure of the plasma membrane |
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Definition
Made of a phospholipids bilayer: hydrophobic tails orient inside the membrane, away from water
Fluid mosaic: lipids and proteins can move about within the membrane
Semipermeable: some molecules can cross and some can’t |
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| 18. What does the ‘tree of life’ refer to when we are discussing evolutionary theory? |
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Definition
All Earth organisms share many similarities:
Same basic biochemistry, with same types of macromolecules
All organisms consist of cells
Cells always have phospholipids bilayer plasma membrane
Eukaryotes share most of the same organelles.
This unity of life is best explained by a tree of life, with modern species having evolved from common ancestors. |
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