Term
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Definition
| generation-to-generation change in the proportion of different inherited genes in a population. |
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Term
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Definition
| inherited characteristic that improves an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment. |
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Term
| descent with modification |
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Definition
| descendants of ancestral organisms spread into various habitats and accumulate adaptations. |
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Term
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Definition
| individuals well-suited to the environment leave more offspring. |
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Term
| How did the work of Lyell and Malthus influence Darwin as he developed his theory of evolution? |
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Definition
| Darwin applied the idea of gradual change to the adaptation of earth's life forms, which could happen from survival of the fittest. |
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Term
| What characteristics of the Galápagos Islands were particularly important for Darwin? |
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Definition
| The species on the islands were similar to and different from those on the mainland and each other. Species differentiated by adapting to the islands' different environments. |
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Term
| Define the scientific term "theory". Why is evolution called a theory in science? |
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Definition
| theory-a explanation of scientific observation. It is an explanation of a lot of observations of the natural world. |
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Term
| What are the two main points of Darwin's theory of evolution? |
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Definition
Descent with modification-each generation gets a little bit different.
Natural selection-organisms that survive better in the environment wil pass on their good genes. |
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Term
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Definition
| preserved remains or marking left by an organism that lived in the past. |
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Term
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Definition
| chronological collection of life's remains in sedimentary rock layers. |
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Term
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Definition
| no longer existing as a living species on Earth. |
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Term
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Definition
| similar structure found in more than one species that share a common ancestor. |
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Term
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Definition
| remnant of a structure that may have had an important function in a species' ancestors, but has no clear function in the modern species. |
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Term
| Why are older fossils generally in deeper rock layers than younger fossils? |
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Definition
| the sediment has been building up on top of it. |
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Term
| How can evolutionary theory explain why Australia is home to relatively few native placental mammals? |
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Definition
| If the species evolved from one geographical location, the presence of related species in that region makes sense. |
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Term
| What can you infer about species that differ significantly in their DNA sequences? |
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Definition
| you can infer that they aren't related. |
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Term
| How are Homologous structures different from Vestigial structures? |
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Definition
Homologous structures-share a common ancestor.
Vestigial structures-similar structures that are leftover from the ancestral species. |
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Term
| In Darwin's view, what conditions lead to a struggle for existence among individuals in a population? |
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Definition
| overpopulation leads to struggle for existence among individual populations for the ability of resources. |
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Term
| What is the goal of artificial selection? |
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Definition
| Humans breed traits that they value that they value |
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Term
| Why does a specific pesticide become less effective over time? |
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Definition
| the ones that survive pass on their genes to the other generations. |
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Term
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Definition
| group of individuals of the same species living in a particular area at the same time. |
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Term
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Definition
| difference among members of a species |
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Term
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Definition
| selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals to produce offspring with desired genetic traits |
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Term
| List three different types of evidence that supports the theory of evolution. |
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Definition
fossils
homologous structures
DNA
vestigial structures |
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Term
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Definition
| all of the alleles in all the individuals that make up a population |
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Term
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Definition
| evolution on the smallest scale—a generation-to-generation change in the frequencies of alleles within a population |
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Term
| Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium |
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Definition
| condition that occurs when the frequency of alleles in a particular gene pool remain constant over time |
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Term
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Definition
| change in the gene pool of a population due to chance |
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Term
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Definition
| exchange of genes between populations |
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Term
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Definition
| contribution that an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation compared to the contributions of other individuals |
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Term
| How has genetic drift affected the world's populations of cheetahs? |
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Definition
| the cheetahs have a loss of variation due to the bottleneck effect, which could reduce the ability of the cheetah population to adapt. |
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Term
| Describe what is meant by a "biologically fit" organism. |
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Definition
| it means the contribution that an individual makes to a gene pool of the next generation compared to the contribution of other individuals. |
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Term
| Describe the Grants' hypothesis about how environmental conditions led to microevolution among the finches of Daphne Major. |
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Definition
| the finches adapted to the different sized seeds depending on a wet(small seed=small beak) or dry(big,tough seeds=stronger beak) year. |
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Term
| What are the two main forces of evolutionary change in gene pools? |
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Definition
| genetic drift & natural selection. |
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Term
| Describe how geography holds evidence for evolution. Give an example. |
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Definition
the earth is constantly changing and the organisms change with it.
distribution of species-adaptation
different islands have similar related species- Galapagos islands
marsupials in Australia |
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Term
| What were the two main observations which led to Darwin's inference that natural selection was the cause of evolution? |
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Definition
variation with in species
animals produce more offspring than can survive. |
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Term
| Define the term microevolution. Give an example. |
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Definition
| evolution on the smallest scale-a generation to-generation change in the frequencies of alleles with in a population. Finches Beaks |
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Term
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Definition
| medicine that kills or slows the growth of bacteria |
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Term
| Under what conditions is the sickle cell allele beneficial to a heterozygous individual? |
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Definition
| it makes them resistant to malaria |
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Term
| Identify a possible risk of overuse of antibiotics. |
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Definition
| you can't survive diseases like tuberculosis-causing bacteria because you are speeding the evolution of resistance to antibiotics. |
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Term
| What does the term Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium refer to? |
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Definition
| a population where the alleles aren't changing so the population isn't evolving. |
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Term
| biological species concept |
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Definition
| definition of a species as a population or group of populations whose members can breed with one another in nature and produce fertile offspring. |
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Term
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Definition
| major biological changes evident in the fossil record. |
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Term
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Definition
| formation of new species. |
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Term
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Definition
| condition in which a reproductive barrier keeps two species from interbreeding. |
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Term
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Definition
| separation of populations as a result of geographic change or migration to geographically isolated places. |
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Term
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Definition
| evolution from a common ancestor of many species adapted to diverse environments. |
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Term
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Definition
| evolutionary model suggesting species often diverge in spurts of relatively rapid change, followed by long periods of little change. |
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Term
| Why are donkeys and horses considered different species? |
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Definition
| they are different species because mules are infertile. |
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Term
| Give an example of a reproductive barrier that may separate two similar species. |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe conditions that could make a new island a likely place for adaptive radiation. |
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Definition
| the isolation and diverse habitats. |
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Term
| How does punctuated equilibrium relate to Darwin's theory of natural selection? |
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Definition
| speciation is rapid and can cause a change in natural selection. |
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Term
| Define the term "species"-how are populations of organisms defined as a separate species from one another? |
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Definition
| a group of populations whose members have the ability to breed one another in nature and produce fertile offspring. the hybrid of the two species is infertile. |
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Term
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Definition
| study of multicellular organisms as they develop from fertilized eggs to fully formed organisms |
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Term
| How can evolution explain the range of complexity of eyes in modern organisms? |
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Definition
| In some cases, a complex structure may have evolved from a simpler structure having the same basic function—a process of refinement. |
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Term
| Give an example of evolutionary remodeling of an existing structure to a new function. |
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Definition
| penguin's "wings" become like flippers. |
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Term
| Compare and contrast the gradual adaptation model and the punctuated equilibrium model of evolution. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The four eras: Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic |
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Term
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Definition
| finding ages of rocks and fossils based on a radioactive isotope's fixed rate of decay |
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Term
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Definition
| time it takes for 50 percent of a radioactive isotope sample to decay |
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Term
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Definition
| motion of continents floating on the hot mantle |
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Term
| Which parts of organisms are most commonly found as fossils? |
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Definition
| The hard parts--bones, teeth, scales--parts that are made out of minerals, that turn to rock easily. |
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Term
| How are the relative ages of fossils in sedimentary rock determined? |
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Definition
| They use radiometric dating to determine the ages of the different layers of rock. Fossils must have been laid down in the time between the layers. |
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Term
| How does a mass extinction change conditions for species that survive? |
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Definition
| They may adapt to new environments. Some species populations may grow since they have fewer predators and more food options. |
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Term
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Definition
| identification, naming, and classification of species |
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Term
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Definition
| two-part Latin name of a species |
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Term
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Definition
| branching diagram, suggesting evolutionary relationships, that classifies species into groups within groups |
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Term
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Definition
| process in which unrelated species from similar environments have adaptations that seem very similar, e.g. wings of insects and wings of birds |
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Term
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Definition
| similarities among unrelated species that result from convergent evolution |
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Term
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Definition
| homologous characteristic that unites organisms as a group |
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Term
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Definition
| phylogenetic tree constructed from a series of two-way branch points, suggesting ancestral relationships among species |
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Term
| Why are analogous structures not useful for classifying species in an evolutionary context? |
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Definition
| The structures aren't from a common ancestor |
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Term
| What does a branch point in a cladogram represent? |
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Definition
| The evolutionary split from a common ancestor. Each branch is called a Clade |
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Term
| How does the three-domain model of classification differ from the five-kingdom model? |
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Definition
| In the 3-domain model, the domain is a level above the kingdom level. It separates Bacteria and Archaea, whereas the 5-kingdom model separates the plants, fungi, animals, and protists. |
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