Term
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Definition
| Network of membranes enclosing the nucleus, ER, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vacuoles. |
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Term
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Definition
| small membrane-enclosed spheres which transfer materials between members of the endomembrane system |
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Term
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Definition
| double membrane structure enclosing the nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| provide a passageway for molecules/macromolecules to move in and out of the nucleus; formed when inner and outer membrane make contact with one another. |
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Term
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Definition
| filamentous network of proteins inside the nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| the complex formed by DNA and the proteins that pack it together. |
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Definition
| assembles ribosomes in nondividing cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| distinct, non-overlapping area designated for a specific chromosome within the nucleus. |
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Term
| endoplasmic reticulum (ER) |
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Definition
| a convoluted (nice word) network of membranes that form flattened fluid-filled tubules |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| internal space of an organelle |
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Term
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Definition
| plays a key role in the initial synthesis and sorting of proteins. attaches carbohydrates to proteins and lipids. |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of attaching carbohydrates to lipids and proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| functions in diverse metabolic processes including detoxification, carbohydrate metabolism, calcium ion accumulation, and synthesis/modification of lipids. |
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Term
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Definition
| stack of flattened membranes, each enclosing a single compartment. performs 3 overlapping functions: secretion, processing, sorting proteins. |
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Definition
cis - located nearest to ER
trans - nearest to plasma membrane
medial - in the middle! |
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Term
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Definition
| process of cutting proteins into smaller polypeptides |
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Term
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Definition
| the enzymes which cut proteins in proteolysis |
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Term
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Definition
| small organelles in animal cells which can lyse (disintegrate?) macromolecules. |
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Term
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Definition
| hydrolytic enzymes found in lysosomes which use a molecule of water to break a covalent bond. |
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Term
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Definition
| (eating of one's self) process by which cellular materiel (ie an old organelle) is enclosed in a double membrane and disposed of. |
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Term
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Definition
| formed when a double membrane encloses an old organelle in the process of autophagy. bonds with a lysosome and the lysosome digests the contents. |
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Term
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Definition
| (literally, empty space!) but they're not actually empty, they contain fluids and sometimes solids. varied functions include molecule storage, space-filling, metabolism in some protists. |
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Term
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Definition
| membrane of a central vacuole |
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Term
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Definition
| found in fresh water organisms, they expand as water enters the cell and expel that water outside the cell. |
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Term
| phagocytic vacuole/food vacuole |
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Definition
| some protists engulf their food into this digestive enzyme-containing vacuole |
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Term
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Definition
| process of moving things into and outside a plasma membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| all cell plasma membranes contain receptors that receive signaling molecules from the environment or other cells. once a receptor receives a signal, it begins a system of responses known as a signal cascade. |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins allow adjacent cells to bind to one another. |
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Term
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Definition
| can grow and divide to reproduce, but depend on other parts of the cell for internal components. |
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Term
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Definition
| primary function is to produce ATP, but also produce/modify/break down several types of cellular molecules. |
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Term
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Definition
| folded projections of the inner mitochondrial membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| area inside the inner membrane of a mitochondrion |
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Term
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Definition
| forms many flattened, fluid filled tubules that enclose a single convoluted compartment. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| compartment of a chloroplast that is inside the inner membrane but outside the thylakoid membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| plant organelles including chloroplasts. weird description on the top of page 82. |
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Term
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Definition
| ungeneralized, that which plastids are derived from. |
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Term
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Definition
| function is to catalyze various chemical reactions which break down molecules by removing H or adding O. peroxisomes are semiautonomous. |
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Term
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Definition
| an enzyme contained in peroxisomes which breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen gas. |
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Term
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Definition
| similar to peroxisomes. found in plant seeds and convert fats to sugars. |
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Term
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Definition
| framework of plasma membrane; 2 layers of amphipathic phospholipids |
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Term
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Definition
| hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions |
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Term
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Definition
| the model of a plasma membrane, which has fluid properties and has proteins embedded within the phospholipid framework |
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Term
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Definition
| half of a phospholipid bilayer |
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Term
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Definition
| have one or more regions htat are physically embedded in the membrane; such a region is known as a transmembrane segment and its nonpolar amino acids interact well with the hydrophobic region. |
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Term
| Brad from Jacque-imos says hi! |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the covalent attachment of a lipid to an amino acid side chain within a protein. |
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Term
| integral membrane proteins |
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Definition
| cannot be released from the membrane without damage to the integrity of the membrane. include transmembrane and lipid anchor proteins. |
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Term
| peripheral membrane proteins |
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Definition
| proteins noncovalently bonded to regions of integral membrane proteins that project out from the membrane or to polar heads of phospholipids. |
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Term
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Definition
| ability of a membrane's phospholipids to move in 2 different dimensions relative to each other, isn't it? |
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Term
| unsaturated (phospholipid) |
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Definition
| phospholipid tail has a double bond which makes the tail kinked and the bilayer more fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of covalently bonding a carbohydrate to a lipid or protein. forms a glycolipid or glycoprotein |
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Term
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Definition
| carbohydrate-rich zone on a cell's surface that shields it from mechanical and physical damage |
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Term
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Definition
| allow membranes to be selectively permeable by providing a passageway for the movement of some but not all substances across the membrane |
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Term
| diffusion; passive diffusion |
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Definition
| solute moves from area of high concentration to area of low concentration. passive diffusion occurs w/o the help of a transport protein |
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Term
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Definition
| concentration of a solute is higher on one side of membrane than the other |
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Term
| ion electrochemical gradient |
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Definition
| dual gradient that has both and electrical gradient and chemical gradient |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the diffusion of a solute across a membrane in a process taht is energetically favorable and does not require an input of energy |
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Term
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Definition
| passive diffusion with the aid of transport proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| what happens to an animal cell in a hypertonic solution. fluid rushes out and cell shrinks |
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Term
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Definition
| the hydrostatic pressure required to stop the net flow of water across a membrane due to osmosis |
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Term
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Definition
| osmotic pressure in plant cells |
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Term
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Definition
| protein that facilitates the diffusion of water into and out of a cell (aqua pours in!) |
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Term
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Definition
| transmembrane proteins that form an open passageway for facilitated diffusion of ions or molecules across the membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| can open to allow diffusion or close to prevent it (most channels are of this sort) |
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Term
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Definition
| channels controlled by the noncovalent bonding of small molecules called ligands (hormones or neurotransmitters) |
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Term
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Definition
| opens and closes in response to changes in the amount of electrical charge across the membrane |
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Term
| mechanosensitive channels |
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Definition
| respond to changes in membrane tension |
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Term
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Definition
| bind their solutes in a hydrophilic pocket and undergo a conformational change that switches the exposure of the pocket to the other side of the membrane. much slower than channels |
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Term
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Definition
| bind a single molecule or ion and transport it across the membrane |
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Term
| symporters/cotransporters |
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Definition
| bind 2 or more molecules or ions and move them in the same direction |
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Term
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Definition
| bind 2 or more ions or molecules and move them in opposite directions |
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Term
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Definition
| transporter that directly couples its conformational changes to an energy source, such as ATP hydrolysis |
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Term
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Definition
| pumps driven by the hydrolysis of ATP. pumps solutes against a gradient |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of a solute against its gradient |
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Term
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Definition
| involves pumps that directly use energy to transport a solute against a gradient |
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Term
| secondary active transport |
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Definition
| involves utilization of a pre-existing gradient to drive the active transport of a solute (i.e. H+/sucrose symporter) |
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Term
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Definition
| generates an electron gradient. (ie Na+/K+-ATPase) |
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Term
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Definition
| hydrolyzes one atp and antiports 3Na+ out and 2K+ in |
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Term
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Definition
| steps that direct the pumping of ions across a membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which material inside the cell is packaged into vesicles and excreted into the extracellular environment |
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Term
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Definition
| plasma membrane invaginates (folds inward) to form a vesicle that brings substances into the cell |
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Term
| receptor-mediated endocytosis |
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Definition
| a receptor is specific for a given cargo. when a receptor binds to the cargo, this stimulates the formation of a vesicle. protein coat forms around the vesicle and is shed once inside the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| involves the formation of a vesicle to internalize extracellular fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| involves the formation of an enormous membrane vesicle called a phagosome that engulfs a large particle such as a bacterium. |
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