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| the turning on and off of genes; helps organisms respond to environmental changes |
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| the overall process by which genetic information flows from genes to proteins (genotype to phenotype) |
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| a site where the transcription enzyme, RNA polymerase, attaches and initiates transcription |
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| In prokaryotic DNA, a sequence of nucleoties near the start of an operon to which an active repressor protein can match; "genetic switch" that can turn all the genes in an operon on or off as a single functional unit |
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| a unit of genetic regulation common in prokaryotes; a cluster of genes with related functions, along with the promoter and operator that control their transcription |
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| a protein that functions by binding the the operator and physically blocking the attachment of RNA polymerase to the promoter |
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| located outside the operon, codes for the repressor |
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| proteins that turn operons on by binding DNA |
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| cells become specialized in structure and function, with each type of cell fulfilling a distinct role |
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| small protein molecule associated with DNA and important in DNA packaging in the eukaryotic chromosome; eukaryotic chromatic consists of roughly equal parts of DNA and histone protein |
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| the bead-like unit DNA packing in a eukaryotic cell; consists of DNA wound around a protein core made up of 8 histone molecules |
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| the inheiritance of traits transmitted by mechanisms not directly involving the nucleotide sequence of a genome, such as a chemical modification of histone proteins or DNA bases |
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| X chromosome inactivation |
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| in female mammals, the inactivation of one X chromosome in each somatic cell |
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| a dense body formed from a deactivated X chromosome found in the nuclei of female mammalian cells |
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| in a eukaryotic cell, a protein that functions in initiating or regulating transcription; transcription factors bind to DNA or to other proteins that bind to DNA |
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| helps stimulate the transcription of a gene at some distance from it; functions by means of a transcription factor called an activator, which binds to it and then to the rest of the transcription apparatus |
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| type of regulation at the RNA-processing level in which different mRNA molecules are produced from the same primary transcript, depending on which RNA segments are treated as exons and which as introns |
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| small, single-stranded molecule that associates with one or more proteins in a complex that can degrade or prevent translation of an mRNA with a complementary sequence |
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| a biotechnology technique used to silence the expression of specific genes |
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| a glass slide carrying thousands of different kinds of single-stranded DNA fragments arranged in a grid |
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| a master control that determines the identity of a body structure of a developing organism, presumably by controlling the developemental fate of group cells |
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| Signal transduction pathway |
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| in cell biology, a series of molecular changes that converts a signal on a target cell's surface to a specific response inside the cell |
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| a single organism that is genetically identical to another because it arose from the cloning of a somatic cell |
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| the regrowth of body parts from pieces of an organism |
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| a technique in which the nulcleus of one cell is placed into another cell that already has a nucleus or in which the nucleus has been previously destroyed |
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| using a somatic cell from a multicellular organism to make one or more genetically identical individuals |
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| cell in the early animal embryo that differentiates during developement to give rise to all the different kinds of specialized cells in the body |
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| the cloning of human cells by nuclear transplantation for therapeutic purposes, such as the regeneration of embryonic stem cells |
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