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| A nucleic acid that carries the genetic information in the cell and is capable of self-replication and synthesis of RNA |
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| A polymeric constituent of all living cells and many viruses, consisting of a long, usually single-stranded chain of alternating phosphate and ribose units with the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil bonded to the ribose. |
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| Any of various compounds consisting of a nucleoside combined with a phosphate group and forming the basic constituent of DNA and RNA. |
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| The coiled structure of double-stranded DNA in which strands linked by hydrogen bonds form a spiral configuration, with the two strands oriented in opposite directions. |
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| A complex of nucleic acids and proteins, primarily histones, in the cell nucleus that stains readily with basic dyes and condenses to form chromosomes during cell division. |
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| Any of several small, basic proteins most commonly found in association with the DNA in the chromatin of eukaryotes. |
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| The process by which messenger RNA is synthesized from a DNA template resulting in the transfer of genetic information from the DNA molecule to the messenger RNA. |
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| is an enzyme whose central function is associated with polymers of nucleic acids such as RNA and DNA. The primary function of a polymerase is the polymerization of new DNA or RNA against an existing DNA or RNA template in the processes of replication and transcription |
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| Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a molecule of RNA encoding a chemical "blueprint" for a protein product. mRNA is transcribed from a DNA template, and carries coding information to the sites of protein synthesis: |
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| Ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) is the RNA component of the ribosome, the protein manufacturing organelle of all living cells. |
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| Transfer RNA (tRNA) is a small RNA molecule (usually about 73-95 nucleotides ) that transfers a specific active amino acid to a growing polypeptide chain at the ribosomal site of protein synthesis during translation |
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| are short polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. They have the same chemical structure as proteins, but are shorter in length. The shortest peptides are dipeptides, consisting of two amino acids joined by a single peptide bond. Peptides have an amino end and a carboxyl end. |
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| Amino acids are molecules containing an amine group, a carboxylic acid group and a side chain that varies between different amino acids. The key elements of an amino acid are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. |
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| The genetic code is the set of rules by which information encoded in genetic material |
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| Translation is the third stage of protein biosynthesis (part of the overall process of gene expression). In translation, messenger RNA (mRNA) produced by transcription is decoded by the ribosome to produce a specific amino acid chain, or polypeptide, that will later fold into an active protein. |
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Replication (scientific method) is one of the main principles of the scientific method, a.k.a. reproducibility
Replication (statistics), the repetition of a test or complete experiment |
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| Helicases are a class of enzymes vital to all living organisms. They are motor proteins that move directionally along a nucleic acid phosphodiester backbone, separating two annealed nucleic acid strands (i.e., DNA, RNA, or RNA-DNA hybrid) using energy derived from ATP hydrolysis. |
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