Term
List the four types of organic compounds essential for all iiving organisms. |
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Definition
a. Carbohydrates b. Proteins c. Lipids d. Nucleic Acids |
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Term
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Definition
A large, organic molecule. |
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Term
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Definition
A large macromolecule consisting of many identicle or similar molecules |
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Term
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Definition
Molecules that serve as the building blocks for larger molecules |
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Term
Define: Dehydration Synthesis reaction |
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Definition
Reactions when molecules are chmically combined and water is a product. |
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Term
List the ELEMENTS that carbohydrates are composed of. |
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Definition
a. Carbons
b. Oxygens
c. Hydrogens
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Term
| In what ratio do the hydrogen to oxygen atoms occur in carbohydrates? |
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Definition
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Term
List the three principal kinds of carbohydrates. |
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Definition
a. monosacchrides b. disaccharides c. polysaccharides |
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Term
Monosaccharides: examples and functions. |
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Definition
Examples: glucose, fructose, galactose Functions: main source of energy for organisms. |
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Term
Disaccharides: examples and functions. |
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Definition
Examples: sucrose, maltose, lactose Functions: main source of energy for organisms |
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Term
Polysaccharides: examples and functions. |
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Definition
Examples: starch, glycogen, cellulose Functions: energy storage; cell walls |
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Term
List the elements that make up a lipid. |
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Definition
a. carbon b. hydrogen c. oxygen (no hydrogen:oxygen ratio!) |
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Term
How does the number of C, H, and O atoms in a lipid differ from a carbohydrate? |
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Definition
There are more C-H bonds, less C-O bonds than carbohydrates. These store more energy - more calories. |
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Term
List the three types of lipids.
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Definition
a. triglycerides b. waxes c. steroids
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Term
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Definition
long term energy storage cushioning for organs insulation oils & fats (oils -> plants; fats -> animals)
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Term
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Definition
waterproof lipids ex. earwax |
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Term
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Definition
4 carbon rings promotes development reduces inflamation regulates nutriet levels ex. cholestrol, testosterone, cortistone |
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Term
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Definition
Building blocks of triglycerides 3 triglycerides + 1 glycerol = 1 triglyceride
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Term
Define (as related to fatty acids): saturated
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Definition
No double bonds existing between carbon atoms of hydrocarbon tail (usually found in fats). |
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Term
Define (as related to fatty acids): unsaturated
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Definition
| One or more double bonds existing between carbon atoms of hydrocarbon tail (usually found in oils). |
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Term
| List the four elements always present in proteins. |
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Definition
a. carbon b. hydrogen c. oxygen d. nitrogen
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Term
What are the monomers that make up proteins called?
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Definition
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Term
Name 4 types of proteins.
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Definition
a. collogen b. enzymes c. hormones d. antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
structural protein found in bones, cartilage, tendons
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Term
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Definition
Biological catalyst that controls rate of reactions
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Term
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Definition
Chemical messengers that regulate cellular activities such as growth, sexual developments, metabolism. |
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Term
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Definition
Produced by immune system to help destroy disease-causing organisms and other antigens.
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Term
Name the 4 levels of protein organization.
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Definition
a. Primary b. Secondary c. Tertiary d. Quaternary
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Term
What is the primary level of organization in proteins?
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Definition
The specific order that the animo acids are arranged in.
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Term
What is the secondary level of protein organization?
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Definition
The polypeptide is shaped into sections of alpha helices or beta pleated sheets. |
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Term
What is the tertiary level of protein organization?
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Definition
The helices or pleated sheets are folded to form a three-dimensional protein molecule. Portions forming compact units are called domains. |
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Term
What is the quartenary level of protein organization?
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Definition
Multiple polymeptides fit together to form a single functional protein.
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Term
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Definition
A macromolecule consisting of a nonbranching sequence of animo acids, held together by peptide bonds.
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Term
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Definition
A macromolecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded & held together by molecular interactions (hydrogen & ionic bonds, disulfide bonds, Van der Waals forces, hydrophobic interactions, etc) |
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Term
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Definition
a compound that turns yellow in the presence of protein. xantho- = yellow -proteic = protein
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Term
What substance does Biuret test for, and how does it change color?What is something it reacts to? |
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Definition
Tests for: Proteins Color: Light blue -> Lavender ex. egg white, cream cheese
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Term
What substance does Benedict's Solution test for, and how does it change color?What is something it reacts to? |
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Definition
Tests for: monosaccharides Color: Light blue -> Orange, green, red ex. ?
*must be boiled prior to obtaining results
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Term
What substance does Iodine test for, and how does it change color?What is something it reacts to? |
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Definition
Tests for: polysaccharides Color: Yellow-brown -> dark purple-black ex. Oatmeal
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Term
What substance does brown paper test for, and how does it change color?What is something it reacts to? |
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Definition
Tests: Triglycerides Color: Brown -> transluscent ex. butter
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Term
What substance does Nitric Acid test for, and how does it change color?What is something it reacts to? |
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Definition
Tests: Proteins Color: Clear -> Yellow ex. fingernails, egg white
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Term
What substance... - speeds up reactions
- act as hormones
- act as antibodies
- act as enzymes
- are used for growth & repair
- forms collagen
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Definition
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Term
What substance... - are the main source of energy for living things
- forms starch
- forced glycogen
- forms glucose
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Definition
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Term
What substance... - forms hormones
- provides insulation
- forms oils
- fforms fats
- cushions organs
- forms waxes
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Definition
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Term
What substance... - forms DNA
- stores information for making proteins
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Definition
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Term
Describe the structure of fatty acids.
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Definition
Long hydrocarbon chains with a carboxyl (CO2H) group at the end.
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Term
Saturated vs. Unsaturated fatty acids |
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Definition
Saterated: - every available bonding site on carbons is bonded to hydrogen atom
- no double bonds between carbons
- solids at room temperature (fats)
Unsaturated: - have double bonds between carbon atoms
- liquids at room temperature (oils)
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Term
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Definition
- Process of adding hydrogen atoms to unsaturated oils to make them solid. Forms trans fatty acids. Exposed to high heat, hydrogen gas, and a metal catalyst.
- Used in early 1900's to make "Crisco," but later used to make margarine.
- Partial hydrogenation is most commo; some unsaturated bonds remain at end of process.
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Term
cis- vs. trans- unsaturated fatty acids
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Definition
- trans- fatty acids more likely to be used to form colestrol.
- most natural fatty acids are cis-
- partial hydrogenation causes most trans- fat
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Term
| Advantages and disadvantages to trans- fatty acids |
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Definition
Advantages: - longer shelf life
- economic
- incrased "stiffness of food"
- once believed to be healier; disproven
Disadvantages - raises "bad" cholestrol; lowers "good" cholestrol
- increases risk of cardiovascular disease by plaque build-up
- increased risk of heart attack, stroke, hypertension
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Term
List the properties of water.
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Definition
a. polarity b. expands as it freezes c. cohesion d. capillarity e. high specific heat
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Term
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Definition
Uneven distribution of electrons; has partial negative charge (oxygen) and partial positive charge (hydrogen). Water is thus the universal solvent, and many biochemical reactions requrie substances to be dissolved. ex. plants cannot use fertilizer without water
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Term
Explain:water expands as it freezes
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Definition
Water is most dense at 4 degrees Celsius. Water forms crystals and thus floats, preventing larger bodies of water from freezing solid and killing aquatic life. |
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Term
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Definition
Because of their polarity, water molecules are attracted to each other. This allows them to be attracted to each other more strongly than to other substances. This causes surface tension, and explains why some insects can walk on water. |
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Term
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Definition
The ability of water to climb up narrow tubes due to cohesion (water being attracted to itself) and adhesion (water being attracted to other surfaces). ex. water traveling up the roots of plants.
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Term
Explain: high specific heat |
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Definition
The ability of water to absorb high amounts of heat without changing temperature drastically. ex. warm blooded animals keeping constant body temperature.
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Term
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Definition
The tendency of water to be attracted to other surfaces. |
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Term
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Definition
A compound containg carbon (& hydrogen). ex. glucose
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Term
Define: inorganic compound
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Definition
A compound not containing carbon (& hydrogen) |
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