Term
| At rest a neuron is _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ion concentration at rest is _________. |
|
Definition
| High Na+ outside the cell |
|
|
Term
| Why does K+ travel through ion channels slower than Na+? |
|
Definition
Na+ gradients pulling it same direction.
K+ gradients pulling it opposite directions. |
|
|
Term
| The extra movement of what ion will cause hyperpolarization ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The extra movement of what ion will cause depolarization ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
An action potential will always occur at the same rate but will have different sizes.
True or False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Ca++ do inside the presynaptic cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What would happen if a ligand that produces an IPSP binds to an Ionotropic receptor? |
|
Definition
Ion channels open and Hyperpolarization.
Both Ionotropic and Metabotropic Receptors will OPEN ion channels. Inhibitory = Hyperpolarization. Metabotropic = Depolarization. |
|
|
Term
Which is NOT an example of an agonist?
a. Precursor
b. Stimulate post-synaptic receptors
c. facilitates reuptake
d. inactivate the enzymes that metabolize drug |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators are both responsible for chemical communication between neurons.
True or False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is not like the others?
a. Dopamine
b. ACh
c. 5-HT (serotonin)
d. Histamine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do glutamate transporters do? |
|
Definition
| Put glutamate in vesicles |
|
|
Term
GABA has a metabotropic and an ionotropic receptor.
True or False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is an agonist for ACh receptors?
a. Nicotine
b. Muscarine
c. Atropine
d. Curare
e. A & B
f. C & B |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Dopamine is only an excitatory NT that only has metabotropic receptors.
True or False |
|
Definition
| False. Also inhibitory NT |
|
|
Term
| The most important enzyme in Norepinephrine production is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following serotonin receptors is not an auto receptor?
a. 5-HT1B
b. 5-HT1D
c. 5-HT1A
d. None of the above |
|
Definition
d. none of the above
All serotonin receptors are metabotropic with the exception of 5-HT3 |
|
|
Term
Enkephalin and dynorphin are lab manufactured opioids.
True or False |
|
Definition
| False. Occurring naturally |
|
|
Term
| What does Cholinergic Drugs mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is a Dopamine agonist?
a. AMPT
b. Reserpine
c. Monoamine oxidase (MAO)
d. Amphetamines
e. None of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is a Serotonin antagonist?
a. PCPA
b. Fluoxetine
c. LSD
d. Moclobemide
e. None of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define Membrane potential |
|
Definition
| Difference in charge across membrane |
|
|
Term
| Define Resting Potential. |
|
Definition
| A neuron at rest is polarized; the inside is more negative than outside (-70 mV) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inside more positive than outside(-70 ->+40) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| If depolarization reaches the threshold of excitation, (aprx-55) the membrane potential briefly revers itself. (+40) followed by a hyperpolarization. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inside negative than outside, even more than rest (-70 -> -90) |
|
|
Term
Neuron at rest: Electrochemical gradience
Na+ high/low concentration inside/outside
K+ high/low concentration inside/outside
Cl- high/low concentration inside/outside |
|
Definition
Na+ higher concentration outside
K+ higher concentration inside
Cl- higher concentration outside
Organic anions only on the inside |
|
|
Term
| Name the two forces associated with membrane potential. |
|
Definition
Force of diffusion
Force of Electrostatic Pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Molecules move from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration:
K+ outward
Cl- inward
Na+ inward |
|
|
Term
| Define Electrostatic Pressure |
|
Definition
particles charged with opposite sign attract, and the ones with same sign repel each other.
K+ inward
Cl- outward
Na+ inward |
|
|
Term
| What is special about Na+ in regards to diffusion and electrostatic gradient forces. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Sodium-potassium pump pushes Na+ ____.
a. In
b. Out |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Membrane is _____ permeable to Na+.
a. Is
b. Is Not |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe what is happening at the first stage of an Action Potential. |
|
Definition
| Enough depolarizing stimuli to reach threshold of excitation (-55) |
|
|
Term
| Describe what is happening at the second stage of Action Potential. |
|
Definition
| Voltage gated Na+ ion channels open(both forces push Na+ in). Pushing Na+ inside the cell QUICKLY. Causing a hard and fast depolarization. |
|
|
Term
| Describe what is happening at the third stage of an Action Potential. |
|
Definition
| K+ channels open, K+ leaves the cell. SLOWLY |
|
|
Term
| Describe wat is happening at the fourth stage of an Action potential. |
|
Definition
| Na+ channels close. No more Na+ enters the cell. This is the peak of the Action Potential. |
|
|
Term
| Describe what is happening at the fifth stage of an action potential. |
|
Definition
| K+ keeps coming out until the cell is back to resting potential. |
|
|
Term
| Describe what is happening at the sixth and final stage of an Action potential. |
|
Definition
| More K+ leaving will briefly hyperpolarize cell (dipping below -70mV). Then K+ channels close and Na+ channels reset. Bringing it back to resting potential at -70mV. |
|
|
Term
| Saltatory Conduction is an Action Potential with a _______ axon. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Action Potentials travel ______ in myelinated axons.
a. Faster
b. Slower |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does Action Potential begin ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| As an AP travels, it remains constant in size, and amplitude |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The intensity of stimulus, changes the rate of firing. |
|
|
Term
| Where does an Action Potential get retriggered on a myelinated axon and why ? |
|
Definition
| Gets retriggered at each node of Ranvier because it comes into contact with extracellular fluid. |
|
|
Term
| Neurons communicate with each other through a ______ ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe what happens when AP reaches the presynaptic axon terminal buttons. |
|
Definition
1. Voltage change at the terminal opens
voltage dependent Ca++ channels.
2. There's much more Ca++ in the extra
cellular fluid that flow into the cell.
3. Ca++ binds with the protein on the
vesicle and causes it to dock and
produce a fusion pore.
4. the presynaptic vesicles releases
neurotransmitters into the synaptic
cleft. |
|
|
Term
| Neurotransmitters are in the synapse, then what happens? |
|
Definition
| The post synaptic neuron has binding cites called postsynaptic receptors, specific to certain molecules like puzzle pieces. |
|
|
Term
| The two general types of receptors are ? |
|
Definition
Ionotropic (Simple)
Metabotropic (Difficult) |
|
|
Term
| Define Ionotropic Receptor |
|
Definition
| contains a binding cite for NT and an ion channel that will open after binding of NT. |
|
|
Term
| Define Metabotropic Receptor |
|
Definition
| Contains a binding cite for a NT that activates a G protein that will then activate an enzyme known as second messenger that will open ion channels elsewhere. |
|
|
Term
| Depending on the receptor, neurotransmitters can have either ________ or ________effect on the postsynaptic cell. |
|
Definition
excitatory(depolarization; Na+ enters)
or
inhibitory(hyperpolarization; K+ exits) |
|
|
Term
| Drugs that affect synaptic transmission are either ______ or ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define Agonist and give examples |
|
Definition
Facilitate the effects of a neurotransmitter.
Examples: precursor, stimulate release of NT, stimulate post-s receptors, blocks autoreceptors, blocks reuptake, inactive the enzymes that metabolize drug |
|
|
Term
| Define Antagonist and give examples |
|
Definition
Inhibit the effects of a neurotransmitter.
Examples: prevent storage of NT in vesicles, inhibits release of NT, blocks post-s receptors,inactivate synthesis enzymes, Stimulate autoreceptors |
|
|
Term
| Define Neurotransmitters/ Neuromodulators |
|
Definition
| Responsible for chemical communication between neurons |
|
|
Term
| Define Excitatory and give examples of excitatory Neurotransmitters |
|
Definition
Cause depolarization in the post-s neurons
Examples: Glutamate, Acetylcholine, Adrenaline, Histamine |
|
|
Term
| Define Inhibitory and give examples of Inhibitory Neurotransmitters |
|
Definition
Cause hyperpolarization in post-s neurons
Examples: GABA, glycine |
|
|
Term
| The two major NT in the brain are _____ and _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The molecular structure of neurotransmitter/modulators consist of what ? |
|
Definition
Amino Acids
Monoamines
Peptides
Acetylcholine's |
|
|
Term
| Amino Acids involved in the molecular structure of neurotransmitter/modulators are ? |
|
Definition
Glutamate (EPSP)
GABA (IPSP)
Glycine (IPSP) |
|
|
Term
| Monoamines involved in the molecular structure of neurotransmitter/modulators are ? |
|
Definition
Serotonin, Histamine, Dopamine, Epinephrine, norepinephrine.
Last 3 are AKA Catecholamines. |
|
|
Term
| Peptides involved in the molecular structure of neurotransmitter/modulators are ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Principal excitatory NT in brain and spinal cord is _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Synthesis of Glutamate involve the Precursor ________ and the Enzyme _________. |
|
Definition
Precursor: Glutamine
Enzyme: Glutaminase |
|
|
Term
| Glutamate is stored where and by what ? |
|
Definition
| In synaptic vesicles by glutamate transporters |
|
|
Term
| Glutamate Binding receptors are ______? |
|
Definition
Three inotropic: NMDA (NA+ & CA+), AMPA (NA+), Kinate (NA+),
One metabotropic Glutamate Receptor:Mg2+ ion has to be removed from NMDA |
|
|
Term
| Inactivation of Glutamate involves ______ and ______. |
|
Definition
| Glutamine synthetase (enzyme) and reuptake |
|
|
Term
| Principal inhibitory NT in Brain and Spinal Cord is _______? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The synthesis or GABA involves the precursor ______ and the enzyme _________. |
|
Definition
Precursor: glutamic acid
Enzyme: glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) |
|
|
Term
| GABA is stored where and by what ? |
|
Definition
| In synaptic vesicles by GABA transporter |
|
|
Term
| Binding Receptors for GABA are _________ and _________. |
|
Definition
GABA-A: ionotropic (Cl-)
GABA-B: Metabotropic |
|
|
Term
| Inactivation of GABA involves removal from synapse by ________ or broken down by _______ . |
|
Definition
| Removed from synapse by GABA transporter, or broken down by GABA aminotransferase |
|
|
Term
| Primary NT in the peripheral NS and autonomic NS (skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles) is _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The synthesis of ACh involves the Precursor _______ and the Enzyme ________. |
|
Definition
| Precursors: Choline & Acetyl coenzyme A Enzyme: Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) |
|
|
Term
| ACh is stored where and by what ? |
|
Definition
| In synaptic vesicles by Ach transporter |
|
|
Term
| ACh binding receptors are ? |
|
Definition
Nicotinic: ionotropic
Muscarinic: Metabotropic |
|
|
Term
| Inactivation of ACh involves the Enzyme _______. |
|
Definition
| Break down by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase |
|
|
Term
| Dopamine is both _______ and _________ and is involved with the function of _______. |
|
Definition
Excitatory & inhibitory
movement, attention, learning, reward system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Precursors:
tyrosine -> tyrosine hydroxylase: L-DOPA, DOPA decarboxylase ->dopamine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vesicular monoamine transporters |
|
|
Term
| Dopamine binding receptors are _______ and they are all ionotropic or metabotropic ? |
|
Definition
| D1, D2, D3, D4 (all metabotropic) |
|
|
Term
| Inactivation of Dopamine involves reuptake by ______ and break down by _______. |
|
Definition
| Reuptake by dopamine transporter, and break down by Monoamine oxidase (MAO) |
|
|
Term
| Norepinephrine is found where ? |
|
Definition
| Found in CNS & autonomic NS neurons |
|
|
Term
Norepinephrine is both excitatory & inhibitory
True or False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Norepinephrine is synthesized where and from what ? |
|
Definition
| Synthesis In the synaptic vesicles from dopamine |
|
|
Term
| What enzyme is involved in the synthesis of Dopamine ? |
|
Definition
| enzyme: Dopamine B-hydroxylase |
|
|
Term
| Dopamine is stored where ? |
|
Definition
| Vesicles in axonal varicosities located along the axon (exceptional) |
|
|
Term
| Dopamine Binding Receptors are ____ and _____. |
|
Definition
| alpha and B adrenergic receptors. |
|
|
Term
Dopamine binding receptors are both ionotropic and metabotropic.
True or False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The inactivation of dopamine involves removal from synapse by ____________ and is broken down by ________. |
|
Definition
| Removed by norepinephrine transporter and breaks down by Monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) |
|
|
Term
Serotonin (5-HT) is _________ and _________.
involved in the function of ? |
|
Definition
Excitatory & inhibitory
mood, sleep, eating, pain, arousal |
|
|
Term
| Synthesis of Serotonin involves the precursor _______ and the enzyme _______. |
|
Definition
Precursor: Tryptophan
Enzyme: tryptophan hydroxylase |
|
|
Term
| Serotonin is stored where ? |
|
Definition
| Vesicles in axonal varicosities located along the axon (exceptional) |
|
|
Term
| What is similar between Serotonin and Dopamine storage ? |
|
Definition
| Both are stored in vesicles in axonal varicosities located along the axon (exceptional) |
|
|
Term
| Serotonin binding receptors are all metabotropic except ____ ? |
|
Definition
| All but 5-HT3 are metabotropic |
|
|
Term
| How many binding receptors does serotonin have ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The inactivation of serotonin involves removal from synapse by ______ and is broken down by ______. |
|
Definition
| Removed from the synapse by serotonin transporter, and broken down by monoamine oxidase (MAO) |
|
|
Term
| Opioids are ______. They cause ? |
|
Definition
Peptides (link of two or more amino acids).
Analgesia, Inhibits defensive responses, euphoria |
|
|
Term
| beta-endorphin, enkephalin, dynorphin are examples of _______ ? |
|
Definition
| Endogenous (natural) opioids |
|
|
Term
| The Synthesis of Opioids involves _______. |
|
Definition
| Precursors: large polypeptides that break down in soma |
|
|
Term
| Opioids are stored where ? |
|
Definition
| Packaged in synaptic vesicles, and released from all parts of the terminal buttons. |
|
|
Term
| Opioid binding receptors are _______. |
|
Definition
| ų (mu), (delta), K (kappa) |
|
|
Term
Opioids are Inactivated only by reuptake.
True or False |
|
Definition
| False. Inactivated only by ENZYMES. |
|
|
Term
| Examples of Cholinergic Drugs are _____. |
|
Definition
Botulinum: ACh antagonist; prevents
release, muscle paralyzation.
Black widow spider venom: ACh agonist;
muscle contractions
Nicotine and muscarine: ACh agonist;
activate nicotinic and muscarinic
receptors respectively
Curare and atropine: ACh antagonists;
Block nicotinic and muscarinic
receptors respectively |
|
|
Term
| Examples of Dopaminergic Drugs are ______. |
|
Definition
AMPT: Dopamine antagonist; blocks
activity of tyrosine hydroxylase.
Reserpine: Dopamine antagonist; interferes
with storage of monoamines in
vesicles
Monoamine oxidase (MAO):Dopamine
antagonist; enzyme that destroys
monoamines
Amphetamines: potent dopamine agonist;
cause transporters for dopamine and
norepinephrine to to run in reverse
(moved back to synapse) |
|
|
Term
| Examples of Serotonergic & Noradrenergic Drugs are ______. |
|
Definition
PCPA: Serotonin antagonist; inhibits the
activity of tryptophan hydroxylase.
Flouxetine: Serotonin agonist; inhibits
the reuptake of 5-HT
LSD: Serotonin direct agonist; binds to
postsynaptic cell and mimics 5-HT
Moclobemide: Norepinephrine agonist;
Blocks MAO-A |
|
|
