Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| creation of the Universe --> Big Bang |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 3.8 billion years ago (one-celled bacteria found 3.6 bya) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organic compounds can be created from inorganic substances present on the premordial Earth by fairly simple physical processes |
|
|
Term
| Lyell (Uniformitarianism) |
|
Definition
| the same geo. processes that were happening back then are still happening today |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of passing from the biosphere (living world) to the lithosphere (rocks) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deaht--> burial--> fossilization--> exposure--> discovery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| objects made or modified for use by hominins (stone tools) |
|
|
Term
| features (in relation to fossil remains) |
|
Definition
| immovable residue of human occupation (fire pit) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stable isotopes: forms of oxygen and carbon in different proportions depending on environmental conditions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| type and abundance of animals and plants at the sight |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tells us that something is older or younger than something else, but not by HOW MUCH (stratigraphy) |
|
|
Term
| Stratigraphy--> law of interposition |
|
Definition
| oldest sediments are usually at the bottom (layer writing) |
|
|
Term
| absolute dating (chronometric dating) |
|
Definition
| gives an estimate in actual number of years; K/Ar, Ar/Ar, C14 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
radioactive decay of unstable isotopes, unstable to stable in a mesasurable way--> ratio of stable to instable in same rock= when rock formed (measured in half-lives)
-good for older sites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| absolute dating--> the amount of time it takes 1/2 the mass of the unstable isotope to transmute to the stable isotope |
|
|
Term
| absolute dating: K/Ar dating |
|
Definition
-40K decays to 40Ar, half life: 1.25 billion years
-good for early hominin sites
-inorganic material (volcanoes) only
-good for older sites |
|
|
Term
| absolute dating: radiometric dating |
|
Definition
| volcanic ash K40 changed into Ar40 over time--> but it's trapped in the rock--> heat rock, measure ratio of K40/Ar40--> determine age! |
|
|
Term
| absolute dating: Carbon-14 (radiocarbon) dating |
|
Definition
-measures decay of C14
-half life: 5,730 years
-used for less than 75,000 years ago
-used with organic materials
-used for newer sites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-reversals of polar magnetism in sediments that contain magnetically chargerd particles
-may yeild multiple dates
-only inorganic materials |
|
|
Term
| biostratigraphy (faunal correlation) |
|
Definition
| compares animal remains between sites; widely distributed species |
|
|
Term
| Paleozoic to Mesozoic 225 mya.... |
|
Definition
| most sever extinction: 96% of marine life extinct, 70% of vertebrae life extinct, 57% of all families extinct |
|
|
Term
| Mesozoic to Cenozoic 65 mya (KT boundary)... |
|
Definition
-KT boundary: huge, catastrophic astroid hit earth near Yucatan Peninsula and destroyed everything within 150 mile (crater) 100 million megatons of energy released
-threw a lot of debris into the atmosphere--> blocked out the sun and destroyed tons of living things
~marine and reptiles largely gone, and dinosaurs GONE
-end...early primates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
3.6-570 mya
-bacteria/viruses
-first animals, invertebrates
-vertebrates (worms, jellyfish...) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| age of the amphibians, fish |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| age of the reptiles, dry skin and don't need much water and DINOSAURS (origin of mammals) |
|
|
Term
| first fossil evidence for primates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| earliest members of our own lineage visible... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| overlap of fish/amphibians to reptiles/dinosaurs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| overlap of reptiles/dinosaurs to mammals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| humans evolve in a piecemeal fashion with different functional systems evolving at different times |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-South Africa 1924
-Raymond Dart; bipedal ape with small brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
"discovered" in 1911 in S. England by Charles Dawson
-human like cranium with ape like lower jaw
-barrier to acceptance and Eurocentrism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-found in Chad
-Sahelanthropus, likely biped and hominid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-3.2 mya, found in Hadar, Ethiopia in 1974
-A. afarensis, biped b/c of hip and knee joint
-definite biped and hominin with some climbing adaptations in strong shoulders, long fingers and toes |
|
|
Term
| Seed Eating Model (Jolly 1970) |
|
Definition
Baboon analogy: Savanna environment, seed and nut eating requires postural shift and hand-eye coordination--> biped, manual dexterity, enlarged molars
PROBLEMS: little evidence, environ. context, reliance on seeds unlikely |
|
|
Term
| Male Provisioning Hypothesis (Demographic Dilema) |
|
Definition
1) repro rate too slow, K-selected--> birth space shortened
2) too many dependent off spring--> males increase investment (men are biped for carrying food and tools plus home bases)
PROBLEMS: sexual dimorphism, monogamy not universal, little support |
|
|
Term
| Temperature Regulation Model (Wheeler) |
|
Definition
environmental change-->biped to reduce heat stress
PROBLEM: no savannas, most likely woodlands |
|
|
Term
| Energetic Efficiency Model |
|
Definition
climate change--> dispersed resoures (lower energy availability)--> biped is more efficient for distance
-good evidence |
|
|
Term
| Sahelanthropus tchadensis, "Toumai" |
|
Definition
-6 mya
-discovered in 2001 in Toros-Menalla, Chad
-small brain, massive brow ridges/ cranial crests
-smal face/anterior dentition
-intermediate foramen magnum (possible biped) |
|
|
Term
| Orrorin tugenensis "Millennium Man" |
|
Definition
-6 mya
-discovered in 2001 in Tugen Hills, Kenya by Senut and Pickford
-femur/other post-cranium features show possible biped
-ape-like teeth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-4.4 mya
-discovered in 1992 in Aramis, Ethiopia by White and Asfaw
-found 40% of skeleton (Ardi) + remains of 36 others
-small brain, unspecialized teeth, small canines
-habitual biped with some climbing evidence (foot is biped but grasping big toe) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-3.5-3.2 mya
-discovered in 1999 at Lake Turkana, Kenya
-new hominid species? (distorted Austra. or early Homo?) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -East Africa, lots of volcanic activity (good for absolute dating) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| South Africa only, africanus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| South and East Africa, robustus, boisei, aethiopicus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-4.2-3.9 mya
-first discovered in 1994 in Lake Turkana, Kenya--> Kanapoi
-dental, cranial, and post cranial remains
-mix of woodland, forest, and grasslands
-U shaped dental arcade
-biped because of tibia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-3.9-2.9 mya
-discovered in 1970's by Johanson, Hadar and Laetoli
-face projecting, large front teeth, reduced canine
-U shaped dental arcade, small brain
-long, powerful forelimbs and biped
-sexual dimophism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-3.6 mya, found in 1974-1975
-Mary Leakey found dental remains/foot tracks in the volcanic sediments of A. afarensis at Laetoli in Tanzania
- |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-2.5 mya, found in 1990 in Bouri, Ethiopia
-canines/pre molars normal, large molars
-prognathic and saggital crest
-ape arms, hominin legs
-found near tools/evidence of butchering |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-3.5-2 mya, discovered in 1924 by Dart
-found at sites: Sterkfontain, Taung, and Mankapansgat in S. Africa
-small brain, gracile skull, less prognathic face |
|
|
