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Theory of Uniformitarianism
3 items |
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By James Hutton
Geological processes today also occured in the past
we observe the present to learn about the past |
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| study of primate/human evolution |
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before present
years ago
thousands of years ago
millions of years ago |
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relative dating method
determines place of object in sequence of time, not exact |
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| study of rock strata and the chronology of those layers |
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| layers on top are newer, bottom are older |
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relative
accumulation of flouride levels in bone
no between site comparisons
the higher the flouride count, the older the sample |
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absolute dating method
radioactive
used w/ organic matter
half-life= 5,730 years
how long it takes Carbon-14 to turn into Nitrogen-14
one neutron changes into a proton |
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used with volcanic rocks older than 100,000 years
Half-life=1.25 billion years
dates the strata not the fossil
40K -> 40Ar
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Better than K-Ar dating
find proportion of 39Ar to 40Ar
one step process
faster, more accurate |
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Sexual dimorphism (pelvis, cranium)
age (dental eruption, epiphysial fusion) |
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| focus on similarities and lump specimens into existing genera |
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| classify specimens into new species |
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| study of what happens to an organism after it dies |
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| study of what's happened to the environment |
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| hands-on: attempts to make the stone tools, etc. |
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| What determines units of time? |
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Definition
| Geologic, climatic and biological events |
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| Precambrian Large Chunk of Time |
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Definition
Composed of Hadean, Archean, and Proterozoic Eons
About 90% of Earth's history |
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| origin of Earth 4.6 billion years ago-> 542 million years ago |
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single-celled organisms
1st multi-celled organisms |
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| Cambrian Large Chunk of Time |
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Definition
1 Eon= Phanerozoic
Current Large Chunk of Time |
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Part of Phanerozoic Eon
542-251mya
"The Cambrian Explosion!!"- lots of speciation
origin of 1st vertebrates and fish
Tiktaalik- transitional species from fish to land
dinosaurs and birds
Therapsids- mammal-like reptiles |
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| Permian-Triassic Mass Extinction |
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Definition
Hydrogen sulfide
Volcanic eruptions-> global warming-> bacteria in oceans-> hydrogen sulfide emissions-> Mass extinction of 75% terrestrial and 95% marine life
-OR-
Mantle superplume-> weakened magnetic field-> cosmic radiation-> cloud coverage-> cooling-> death-> Permian-Triassic volcanic eruption
(Yukio Isozaki) |
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Definition
241-65.5mya
"Age of Dinosaurs"
200mya- true mammals
(monotremes
marsupials
placentals) |
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| 3 periods w/in Mesozoic Era |
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Definition
Triassic
Jurassic
Cretaceous |
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Definition
65mya-present day
"Age of Mammals"
primate and human evolution |
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Definition
Paleocene
Eocene
Oligocene
Miocene
Pliocene
Pleistocene
Holocene |
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Definition
Late Ordovician
Late Devonian
Permian-Triassic
Late Triassic
Cretaceous-Tertiary |
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Definition
| Pangea-> Laurasia-> Gondwana |
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| long-term evolutionary chance |
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Definition
65.5mya-55.8mya
adaptive radition of plesiadapiforms |
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Definition
arboreal
small
long snout
lateral orbits
lack of postorbital bar
large diastema
forward positioned anterior teeth
claws |
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Definition
56-34mya
adaptive radiation of 1st true primates/early prosimians
adapidae and omomydae |
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Definition
reduced snout
forward facing orbits
grasping hands
reduced snout
Diurnal
folivores and frugivores
broadly similar to modern lorises and lemurs |
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Definition
reduced snout
forward facing orbits
presence of postorbital bar
teeth closer together
smaller, nocturnal
frugivores and insectivores
broadly similar to modern tarsiers
haplorrhine? |
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| Models of Primate Origins |
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Definition
3 main models-> grasping hands and stereoscopic vision
1-arboreal lifestyle: evolve @ same time
2- vesual predation: adapts for hunting insects
3- terminal branch feeding- grasping hands developed for gathering fruits and flowers for eating |
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type of plesiadapiform
no stereoscopic vision, but DOES have grasping hands (thus, hands evolved before eyes)
intermediate morphology between primate-like mammals and true primates |
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33.9-23mya
adaptive radiation of 1st anthropoids
continued reduction of snout- more reliance on vision
enclosed orbits
small, diurnal, arboreal, typically quadrupeds,mainly frugivorous |
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Definition
single origin of anthropoids in Africa
30mya
"rafting" to South America |
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23-5.3mya
adaptive radiation of 1st hominoids
hominin origins
great diversity in ape species |
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mix of monkey and ape traits
quadruped
larger cranial capacity relative to body size
no tail
arboreal
frugivore |
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| Early Hominin Cranial Capacity and Body Size |
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Definition
measure of the interior volume of the brain case measured in cubic centimeters
average 400-500cc (ape size)
modern human- 1350 cc
average- 100lbs, 3.5 ft tall |
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Sahelanthropus
Orrorin
Ardipithecus |
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| Sahelanthropus tchandensis |
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Definition
found in Chad
Late Miocene (7-6mya)
small, ape-like brain
small canines
foramen magnum position suggests bipedalism
no post-cranial remains |
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Tugen Hills, Kenya
late Miocene
femur=bipedal
humerus and phalanges= still partly arboreal |
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Definition
middle Awash, Ethiopia
Pliocene (5.8-4.4mya)
dentition=large, ape-like canines
small brain size
foramen magnum=bipedal
primitive facial traits |
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Definition
5.3-1.8mya
numerus species of hominins
1st homo sapiens |
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| Australopithecus Anamensis |
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Definition
Kenya and Ethiopia
4.2-3.9mya
distal tibia=bipedal
large canines
parallel dental arcade
transitional form |
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| Australopithecus afarensis |
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Definition
Hadar, Ethiopia (Don Johnson 1974)
Laetoli, Tanzania (Mary Leakey 1974)
3.7-3mya
small brain
prognathic face
femur+tibia=bipedal |
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Australopithecus afarensis
Don Johnson
female
40% of skeleton found
3'3, 60lbs
fully erupted 3rd molars
bipedal |
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| Robust Austrolopiths/Paranthropus |
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Definition
2.5-1.4mya
large jaws
large molars
large face
promient sagittal crest |
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Definition
A. aethiopocus (east Africa)
A. robustus (S. Africa)
A. boisei (E. Africa) |
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| Australopitecus africanus |
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Definition
3.3-2.5mya
S. Africa
lack of massive features
possible ancestor to genus Homo |
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Definition
2.5mya
Ethiopia
similar features to A. afarensis
possible ancestor to genus Homo |
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| Ardipithecus ramidus -> A. anamensis-> A. afarensis -> A. africanus -> A. garhi -> Homo |
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1912, Piltdown England
larger brain size?
Flouride analysis
Modern human skull and orangutan jaw
messed up classification for a long while |
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Locomotion: Hominin-Ape Common Ancestor
3 possibilities |
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Bipedal
Generalized pattern of locomotion
Knuckle walker (wrist bones) |
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| What came first? Bipedalism or Big Brains? |
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Definition
increased cranial capacity
flatter face
reduced dentition
decreased brow ridges
wider superior cranium and narrower base
rounder occipital region
forehead/vertical frontal bone
presence of a chin |
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Definition
| manufacture and use of stone tools |
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Definition
2-1.6mya: Pliopleistocene
Olduvai Gorge, Tansania
1960
Lois and Mary Leakey
earliest fossil evidence for Homo
larger brain size
smaller teeth
still partly arboreal
Oldowan tradition
scavengers |
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| Very similar to H. habilis. Different species or the same? |
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| Homo erectus "Upright man" |
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Definition
1.8mya-800kya: Pleistocene
Africa, E. Europe, and Asia
Acheulian tradition
More specialized tools for scraping and cutting
scavenger/hunter
FIRE!!!
1st Hominin species
totally terrestrial
modern patterns of bipedal locomotion
first to move out of Africa
Larger brain size
occipital ridge
sagittal keeling |
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| Homo ergaster "Working man" |
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Definition
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heat
light
scare off animals
cook |
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| H. heidelbergensis "Heidelberg man" |
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Definition
800-200kya: Pleistocene
Europe, Africa, and Asia
Brain size larger than H. erectus and almost as large as H. sapiens
large face
prominent brow ridges
Levallois technique
wooden spears
hunter |
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Definition
Atapuerca, Spain
1.2mya-800kya
Ancestor to or the same as H. heidelbergensis? |
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| H. neanderthalensis "Neandertal man" |
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Definition
130-28kya: Pleistocene
Europe and Middle East
large brains
large browridges
lack of chin
same vocal ability as modern humans
occipital bun
large nose
short and stocky build (robust morphology)
Mousterian tradition
hunters
buried dead
care for sick and elderly
stone tool technology |
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| DNA evidence H. neanderthalensis |
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Definition
osteology and pathology
reached older ages
mtDNA b/w humans is very different
suggests not ancestors to us
nuclear DNA suggests split from common ancestor 500kya |
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| H. floresiensis "the Hobbit" |
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Definition
95-12kya
2003 Flores, Indonesia
3.5 ft adults
small cranial capacity
mosaic pattern
microcephalic H. sapien? |
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Term
Why were H. floresiensis so small?
4 theories |
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Definition
1. process by which natural selection favors smaller body sizes on an island w/ less resources leading to dwarfism.
2. Heat and humidity could also lead to dwarfism- thermoregulatory condition
3. Genetic isolation/low gene flow
4. absence of terrestrial predators |
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Definition
Lee Burger
1-3kya
Palau, Micronesia 2006/2007
similar body size as H. floresiensis, but larger cranial capacity; derived pelvic morphology
another example of island dwarfism?
island-adapted H. sapiens |
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| Anatomically modern H. sapiens |
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Definition
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| Characteristics of A.M. H sapiens |
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Definition
well rounded skull
wider superior cranium and narrower @ base
reduced prognathism
reduced brow ridges
forehead vertical frontal bone
presence of a chin |
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Definition
Lower paleolithic (2.5mya-300kya):
stone tool technologies of H. habilis, H. rudolfensis, and H. erectus
Middle Paleolithic (300-40kya) H. heidelbergensis and H. neanderthalensis
Upper paleolithic (40-10kya) H. sapiens |
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natural: caves/rock shelters
manufactured: huts- wood, animal, bone, animal hides |
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Definition
Lascout cave, France
30kya
Europe, Africa, and Australia
large game animals and hunting |
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past
future: sympathetic Magic
cultural symbolism
art for art's sake |
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Shell beads
bear teeth beads
figurines
fertility figures?
other religious symbol?
art?
toys? |
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Definition
1.5mya erectus moves out of africa
modern humans expand further
150kya humans move out of Africa
reach Australia as early as 60kya and the New World 40kya |
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Transition to Modern Humans
3 models |
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Definition
Multiregional evolution: multiple areas of origin
African replacement: started in Africa and spread w/o mixing w/ other species
Assimilation: started in Africa and spread w/ interbreeding |
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Definition
| the appearance of similar traits w/in a geographic region that remain over a long period of time |
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Definition
Europe: high-tented nose
East Asia: shovel shaped incisors |
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| African replacement model |
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Definition
most likely
H. sapiens maybe technologially superior
H. sapiens and Neanderthals maybe produced infertile offspring
H. sapiens and Neanderthals did not mate due to social barriers |
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Definition
no Neanderthals contributed to modern gene pool
greatest diversity in African populations
mtDNA: 2 cluster both w/ African ancestry= most recent common ancestor African
all allels found in non-African populations are found in African populations
Max Planck Institute, Germany |
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| Mechanism of Change Towards Modern Humans |
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Definition
Technology: increased complexity in tools-> food preparations-> less heavy chewing-> reduction in size of cranial features-> energy goes to increase brain size
Expensive tissue hypothesis: Aiello and Wheeler |
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