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| the process which is responsible for plant and animal life on this earth as we know it |
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| asexual reproduction, commonly done by complex animals (i.e. sea anemones), whereby an animal literally tears itself apart into two separate animals |
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| types of asexual reproduction |
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| fission, budding, parthenogenesis |
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| commonly done by sea anemone,when an individual can convert part of its single tubular foot into a flat disc that then severs itself from the parent animal. this flat disc then divides into six pieces which become new tiny sea anemone within several days |
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| individuals that are genetically alike |
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| when hydra grow to a certain size and then develop a small hydra along its body which then separates from its parent, feeds itself, then repeat this process on its own |
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| asexual reproduction that involves only egg cells; the egg starts to divide without the involvement of sperm and form clones of complete individuals |
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| what takes the sex out of reproduction? |
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| the genetic make up of an organism |
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| otherwise known as gametes, refer specifically to either egg cells and sperm; contains 23 chromosomes |
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| after gametes, refers to all other cells in your body, such as muscle, nerve, skin and blood cells; contain two sets of 23 chromosomes |
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| what all human cells contain; a circular body that contains chromosomes |
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| threadlike structures that contain genes |
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| made up of DNA, genes are the material of the cell from which our inherited characteristics are derived |
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| Down's syndrome (Trisomy 21) |
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| a birth defect in which each of a child's cells has three "Number 21" chromosomes rather than the normal two |
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| cases in which a gene in the germ cell may be altered and eventually expressed in an offspring |
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| What is needed for an egg to become fertilized? |
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| Maturation, viability, and release of the eff and sperm must be in near perfect order |
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| two major functions of reproductive systems |
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| 1. form gametes (eggs or sperm) 2. deliver those gametes so that they can unite to form the fertilized egg |
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| what are the two functions of the testes? |
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| 1. produce viable and motile sperm contained in a fluid medium 2. to serve as the major site for producing steroid hormones (androgens) |
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| serves as a stroage and selection chamber where unfit sperm are removed and mature ones are stored |
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| a long muscular tube where the mature sperm, along with some of the epididymal fluids, enter |
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| central tube of the penis, where the ejaculatory duct passes the semen |
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| a duct that passes semen into the central tube of the penis |
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| the seminal vesicle, the prostate gland, cowper's gland |
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| thought to activate the swimming movements of the sperm's tail; empties their secretions into the ejaculatory |
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| believed to make the semen more alkaline |
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| secretes a "love-drop" wich contains some sperm leaking over from the ejaculatory |
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| composed of about 10% sperm and 90% of the combined secretions of the epididymis and 3 accessory glands |
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| how much sperm is contained in ejaculate? |
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| 200,000,000-700,000,000 (average male produces 500,000,000) |
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| the copulatory organ of males, transmits semen |
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| blood enters by means of arteries (which swell up) and leaves the penis by means of veins |
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| the mature sperm has only about 1/70,000 the volume of the egg |
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| three major parts of sperm |
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| the head, middle piece, tail |
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| contains the genes; located at tip of the head is the penetrator; nucleus of head contains exactly half number of chromosomes found in fertilized egg |
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| provides the energy to the tail; location of the mitochondrion; burns sugars and other nutrients in order to make ATP (energy source for sprem movement) |
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| propels sperm to the egg; made up of a long whip-like structure called a flagellum |
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| together with the nervous system, hormones regulate most of the vital processes of the body |
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| hormones made in one part of the body which are transported via the circulatory system to exert their actions in other parts of the body |
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| follicle stimulating hormones |
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| stimulates the ignition of sperm production |
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| most influential endocrine gland in body; secretes a number of hormones that regulate the production and release of many more hormones; is activated by both nervous and chemical signals from the brain |
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| three major hormones needed for understanding human reproduction |
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| follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), lutenizing hormone (in females) and interstitial cell stimulating hormone (in males) & prolactin of females |
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| at puberty, the hypothalamus of the brain begins to produce this substance |
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| GnRF causes the pituitary gland to release what two hormones into the bloodstream (for males)? |
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| 1. follicle stimulating hormone 2. interstitial cell stimulating hormone |
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| interstitial cell stimulating hormone |
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| controls the production of testosterone; secretes testosterone; also produces small amount of estrogen |
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| the control mechanism in which the body regulates constant levels of substances within our body |
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| synthetic hormones which retain primarily the "body building" properties of such natural steroids as testosterone |
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| a surgical process whereby part of the vas deferens, the main tube connecting the testes to the penis, is removed |
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| 1. to store, mature and liberate eggs 2. to produce hormones that affect the reproductive tract |
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| entire package of an immature egg (oocyte) and its surrounding cluster of cells |
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| every month, one of the two ovaries releases an egg that was contained within one of the mature follicles, the egg is released into the oviduct |
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| lined with cilia, helps move the egg along to the uterus |
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