Term
| The critically important large molecules |
|
Definition
| Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Huge molecules: carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building block monomers linked by covalent bonds. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Smaller molecules that make up polymers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Specialized proteins that speed up chemical reactions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The connection of two monomers or broken polymers by the loss of a water molecule between them. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The disassembling of polymers by the insertion of a water molecule. A prime example is in our stomach in the process of digestion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One of the three macromolecules that Includes both sugars and polymers of sugars. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Carbohydrates with their molecular formulas as multiples of CH20, which serve as the main energy source for an organism and as the raw material for the synthesis of other molecules. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic link, like sucrose and lactose. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration synthesis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Macromolecule carbohydrate polymers, which serve as sugar storage for later use. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A polymer of glucose monomers that plants use to stockpile energy for later use. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A polymer of glucose that animals store, which for humans occurs primarily in the muscles and liver. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A polysaccharide that makes up the tough walls of plant cells, which differs from starch only in an alternating pattern of alpha and beta ring structures at the molecular level, as opposed to a consistent alpha structure. It is not digestable by humans, but serves as a "sweep" of the intestines. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The polysaccharide used by anthropods to build their exoskeletons |
|
|
Term
| Polysaccarides are useful/important for... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The one large class of biological molecules that do not contain polymers and therefore are not considered a macromolecule, which all share the fact that they are hydrophobic because they consist mostly of hydrocarbons. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Molecule assembled by three fatty acids and a glycerol, also known as a triaglycerol. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A long carbon skeleton that consists of a carboxyl group at one end and a chain of hydrocarbons. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Where a lack of double covalent carbon bonds leaves room for hydrogen bond to SATURATE the carbon skeleton, which creates a lack of kinks that make these fats solid at room temperature. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A higher amount of double carbon bonds does not leave room for hydrogens to saturate the carbon skeleton, which creates a serie of kinks that makes them hard to stack tightly, and hence they are liquid at room temperature. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Saturated fats with trans double bonds, which do not occur in nature. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The lipids that make up the cell membrane which has only two fatty acid tails, creating a structure that has a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings with different chemical groups attached. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A steroid crucial for animals to synthesize other steroids and which also make up the animal cell membrane. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enzymatic protein chemical agents that selectively speed up chemical reactions without being consumed by the reaction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One of the three macromeolecules, which is a functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides, each folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A molecule possessing both an amino group and a carboxyl group, which composes proteins. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The covalent bond that forms between two amino acids with an amino group from one and the carboxyl group from another facing one to eventually make a polypeptide. |
|
|
Term
| The function of a protein is determined by its |
|
Definition
| structure, consisting of MULTUPLE polypeptide chains. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The first level of protein structure which is the linked series of amino acids with a unique sequence. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The second level of protein structure which is the 2-dimensional folds of the polypeptide a the hydrogen bonds. |
|
|
Term
| Common shapes of secondary structure. |
|
Definition
Alpha helix
Beta Pleated Sheet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The third level of protein structure which is the three-dimensional shape from interactions between amino acid side chains. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The fourth level of protein structure which is two or more polypeptide chains aggregated into one functional molecule. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An inherited blood disorder caused by a slight change in the amino acids in the primary structure which causes blood cells to be sickle-shaped. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The unraveling and destruction of a protein's shape due to pH extremes, high salt levels, temperature (egg whites), which makes the denatured protein inactive. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protein molecules that assist in the proper folding of other proteins by keeping "bad influences" segregated from the folding protein. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The method used to determine the 3-D structure of many proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A nucleic acid made up of DNA which programs the amino acid sequence of a protein. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Polymers made up of monomers called nucleotides. |
|
|
Term
| Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) |
|
Definition
| A type of nucleic acid which provides directions for an organism, found in the chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A type of nucleic acid that carries instructions from DNA to ribosomes for protein production. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nucleic acids that are polymers, made up of nucleotide monomers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The monomers that comprise a polynucleotide which is composed of a nitrogen containing base, a five-carbon sugar and one or more phosphate group. |
|
|
Term
| The nitrogenous bases of a nucleotide. |
|
Definition
| The one or two rings that has nitrogen classfied into the families pyrimidine and purine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A nitrogenous base of a nucleotide which is one ring and has the members Cytosine (C), thymine (T), and Uracil (U). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A nitrogenous base of a nucleotide which has two rings and has the members adenine (A) and guanine (G). |
|
|
Term
| The sugars of a nucleotide |
|
Definition
| In DNA it is deoxyribose and lacks an oxygen in the second ring. In RNA it is ribose and has an oxygen in the second ring. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| How the polynucleotides in DNA spin around one another. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| How two sugar phosphate run in opposite directions as the rungs of the DNA. |
|
|
