Term
| what do antibiotics target? |
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Definition
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Term
| how has death by bacterial infection changed since the early 20th century? |
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Definition
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Term
| who was alexander fleming and what did he discover? when? |
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Definition
| scientist that discovered penicillin in 1920s |
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Term
| who were florey, chain and heatley? |
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Definition
| first to purify penicillin and prove use as a drug |
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Term
| why did production of penicillin move to Illinoise? |
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Definition
| thought it could be used as military secret weapon so moved away from the war front in the UK |
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Term
| how did penicillin serve US soldiers during WWII? |
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Definition
| saved lives by preventing deadly infections |
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Term
| how does penicillin prevent cell wall formation? |
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Definition
| stops cell wall synthesis during replication |
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Term
| describe three ways in which antibiotics work? give examples of antibiotics for each of these three ways? |
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Definition
| inhibit cell wall synthesis (penicillin), inhibit enymzes for DNA replication (quinolone), interfere with DNA synthesis (sulfonamides) |
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Term
| what are the three categories of usage of antibiotics in humans and animals? % for each. |
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Definition
| human use, theraputic use for animals, food additives for animals |
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Term
| what is the most 'problematic' use of antibiotics? |
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Definition
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Term
| does resistance only occur in viruses and bacteria? |
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Definition
| no, can be found in other groups too. resistance is property of life |
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Term
| describe the mechanism by which an organism becomes resistant. |
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Definition
| cells proliferate, drugs kill off all but one cell that happened to escape. this cell is what remains to replicate. cell with increased resistance arises and survives after more drug treatment to proliferate. only the cells with the drug resistance mutations are left over to make more resistant progeny |
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Term
| what properties of life promote the evolution of resistance? |
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Definition
| sex, genetic recombination, sloppy gene editing, high mutation rates |
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Term
| hwo do you determine antibiotic resistance? |
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Definition
| size of halo around antibiotic disk on culture plate test |
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Term
| describe penicillin resistance in pneumonia. |
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Definition
| resistant rates increasing |
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Term
| what are the five ways in which bacterial cells can acquire resistant genes? |
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Definition
| transfer of free DNA, viral delivery, plasmid transfer, transformation (one bacterium takes up DNA from another bacterium), spontaneous DNA mutation |
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Term
| relate hospitals and resistance. |
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Definition
| resistance increasing in hospital setting |
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Term
| what are the 3 mechanisms by which resistant genes operate? |
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Definition
| pump out antibiotics, degrade them or alter them so they are not harmful anymore |
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Term
| give five reasons for the rise of antibiotic resistance. |
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Definition
| don't finish antibiotic courses, over prescribing antibiotics for stuff like viruses, put them in soaps and daily products, release them into environment (trash), put in animal foods |
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Term
| describe the whole drug company/FDA fiasco with the use of antibiotics in animal farming. |
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Definition
| putting antibiotics in animal food raised incidence of resistance in humans |
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Term
| what is one way that drug companies are battling antibiotic resistance? what resistance mechanism does this effort target? |
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Definition
| new drugs to block pumps that bacterium uses to pump out antibiotics |
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Term
what are three strategies that the FDA could employ to deal with the evolution of antibiotic resistance? which tactic is supported by mathematical modeling
/ |
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Definition
| use one until its usless, cycles of two alternating drugs, two drugs simulatneously (most effective method) |
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