Term
| what percentage of childhood deaths (<5 years) are a result of a diarrheal disease? |
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Definition
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Term
how has the incidence and mortality or diarrheal diseases been changing
? |
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Definition
| Mortality has been falling but incidence has not changed |
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Term
| how many episodes and deaths by diarrheal diseases occur globally? |
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Definition
| WHO estimates 1.3 billion episodes and 3 million deaths annually for these <5 kids |
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Term
| how is diarrhea a disease of poverty? |
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Definition
“diarrhea is a disease of poverty afflicting malnourished children in crowded and contaminated environments.” – UNICEF
o low family income
o low maternal education
o malnutrition/low birth weight
o lack of safe water
o lack of adequate sanitation |
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Term
| what does diarrhea have to do with cholera? |
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Definition
| water polluted with cholera bacteria can cause cholera and the pathogen can spread from person to person through diarrheal contamination (fecal-oral transmission) |
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Term
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Definition
| bacterium Vibrio cholerae |
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Term
| what types of environments does Vibrio cholerae inhabit? |
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Definition
| Vibrio cholerae inhabits aquatic environments such as the brackish (slightly salty) water of estuaries where freshwater and seawater mixes. It survives this way outside of the human host. |
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Term
| what is remote sensing and what is it used for? |
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Definition
| remote sensing of sea surface temperature is used as a measure of algal bloom (warm = algal bloom) |
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Term
| what is the walker circulation and what does it have to do with el nino? |
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Definition
| The walker circulation (or Walker cell) is a conceptual model of the air flow in the tropics in the lower atmosphere (troposphere). According to this model parcels of air follow a closed circulation in the zonal and vertical directions. This circulation, which is roughly consistent with observations, is caused by differences in heat distribution between ocean and land. It’s important because it changes during the el nino phase of the southern oscillation and non el nino phase of the southern oscillation |
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Term
| describe cholera transmission on a pan global scale? |
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Definition
| warming in january between australia and south america during the el nino phase of the southern oscillation correlate with cholera cases on the east coast of india in september |
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Term
| describe the TSIRS model. what are the groups, what is interesting about the recovered class? what is different about the transmission rate? |
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Definition
| a model with S, I, and R classes. only, unlike the SIR models we have been previously studying, there is transfer of individuals from the recovered class, back to the Susceptible class and the model tries to figure out the rate of hosts losing their immunity in order to fit the time series for cholera. one important thing is that transmission rate depends on season variability so Beta has both a seasonal and long term component. |
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