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| the transmission of traits from one generation to the next. (inheritance) |
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| differences between members of the same species. |
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| the scientific study of heredity and hereditary variation. |
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| coded information in the form of hereditary units |
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| a single individual is the sole parent and passes copies of all its genes to its offspring without the fusion of gametes. |
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| a group of genetically identical individuals. |
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| two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the two parents. |
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| generation-to-generation sequence of stages int he reproductive history of an organism, from conception to production of its own offspring. |
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| all cells of the body except the gametes and their precursors. |
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| chromosome that is not directly involved in determining sex. |
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gametes that contain a single set of chromosomes.
each has a haploid number of chromosomes (n). |
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any cell with two chromosome sets.
Has a diploid number of chromosomes (2n) |
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| haploid sperm from father uses with a haploid egg from the mother. (the union of gametes, culminating in fusion of their nuclei). |
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two chromosomes composing the a pair that have the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern.
Both chromosomes of each pair carry genes controlling the same inherited characters. |
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fertilized egg.
Diploid because it contains two haploid sets of chromosomes bearing genes representing the maternal and paternal family lines. |
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| paired homologs become physically connected to each other along their lengths by a zipper-like protein structure (synaptonemal complex) |
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| exists at the point where a crossover has occurred. |
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| homologous pair has one or more x-shaped regions. (singular chiasma. |
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| genetic rearrangement between non sister chromatids involving the exchange of corresponding segments of DNA molecules |
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| a heritable feature that varies among individuals, such as flower color |
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| a heritable feature that varies among individuals, such as flower color |
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| heritable feature that varies among individuals |
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| each variant for a character, such as purple or white color for flowers. |
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| self-pollination producing only the same variety as the parent plant. |
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| mating or crossing of two true-breeding varieties. |
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| heterozygous for the one particular character being crossed. |
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cross between F1 dihybrids
(individuals heterozygous for the two characters being followed in the cross (YyRr) |
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| alternative versions of a gene |
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| determines the organism's appearance |
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| has no noticeable effect on the organism's appearance. |
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| having a pair of identical alleles for a character |
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| having two different alleles for a gene |
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| all aspects of physical appearance like internal anatomy, physiology, and behavior. |
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| organism's entire genetic makeup, not just its alleles for a single genetic locus. |
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| states that the two alleles for a heritable character segregate (separate from each other) during gamete formation and end up in different gametes. |
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| Law of independent assortment |
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| states that each pair of alleles segregates independently of each other pair of alleles during gamete formation |
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| variation on dominance relationships between alleles |
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| additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character (converse of pleiotropy, where a single gene affects several phenotypic characters) |
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having multiple phenotypic effects.
Ex. responsible for the multiple symptoms associated with certain hereditary diseases, such as cystic fibrosis and sickle-cell disease. |
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| phenotypically normal with regard to the disorder. transit the recessive allele to offspring |
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| chloride transport channels are defective or absent in the plasma membranes of children who inherit two recessive alleles for cystic fibrosis. Results in an abnormally high concentration of extracellular chloride, which causes the mucus that coats certain cells to become thicker and stickier than normal. |
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| caused by a substitution of a single amino acid in the hemoglobin protein of red blood cells. The presence of one sickle- cell allele can affect the phenotype. |
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| a form of dwarfism that occurs in one of every 25,000 people. (dominant alleles). |
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| degenerative disease of the nervous system, is caused by a lethal dominant allele that has no obvious phenotypic effect until the individual is about 35 or 45 years old. |
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| neither allele is completely dominant, and the F1 hybrids hae a phenotype somewhere between those of the two parental varieties. |
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| individual who is heterozygous at a given genetic locus for a recessively inherited disorder. Phenotypically normal but passes on the recessive gene to offspring. |
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| gene located on either sex chromosome |
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| X-linked recessive disorder defined by the absence of one or more of the proteins required for blood clotting. |
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| abnormal chromosome number |
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| in mammalian females, one of the two X chromosomes in eahc cell is randomly inactivated during early embryonic development, becoming highly condensed into a barr body |
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| (2n +1) When a normal gametes unites with one containing two copies or no copies of a particular chromosome, the resulting zygote and its descendant cells have one extra copy of that chromosome. |
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| having more than two complete chromosome sets in all somatic cells. |
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| Aneuploid condition. Usually the result of an extra chromosome 21, sot hat each body cell has a total of 47 chromosomes. |
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| Having an extra X chromosome in a male, producing XXY. Have male sex organs, but the testes are abnormally small and the man is sterile. |
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| Monosomy X (X0). They are phenotypically female, but are sterile because their sex organs do not mature. |
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| group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring. |
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| consists of all copies of every type of allele at ever locus in all members of the population |
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States that the frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population will remain constant from generation to generation, provided only that Mendelian segregation and recombination of alleles are at work.
1. No mutations
2. Random Mating
3. No natural Selection
4. Extremely large population size
5. No gene flow |
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evolution in its smallest scale.
A change in allele frequencies in a population over generations. |
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| transfer of alleles in or out of a population due to the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes. |
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| chance vents can cause allele frequencies to fluctuate unpredictable form one generation to the next, specially in small populations |
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| traits come in two or more distinct forms |
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| a process in which individuals that have a certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits. |
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| severe drop in population size. Usually caused by a sudden change in the environment. |
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| acts against both extreme phenotypes and favors intermediate variants. |
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| occurs when conditions favor individuals exhibiting one extreme of a phenotypic range, thereby shifting a population's frequency curve fro the phenotypic character in one direction or the other. |
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| occurs when conditions favor individuals at both extremes of a phenotypic range over individuals with intermediate phenotypes. |
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| descent with modification |
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| the process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits |
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| the remains or traces of organisms from the past. |
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| Descent with modification |
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| phrase that summarized Darwins view of life. (unity of life i to the descent of all organisms from an ancestor that lived in the remote past) |
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| modifying other species over many generations by selecting and breeding individuals that possess desired traits |
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| similarity resulting from common ancestry |
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"left over" structures of marginal, if any, importance to the organisms.
Remnants of features that served a function in the organism's ancestors. |
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| the process b which one species splits into two or more species. |
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a species refers to a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring, but do not produce viable offspring with members of other species.
Thus, the members of biological species are united by being reproductively compatible, at least potentially. |
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| Prezygotic reproductive barriers |
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Definition
"before the zygote"
block fertilization from occurring.
Act in one of three ways:
1. impeding members of different species from attempting to mate
2. preventing an attempted mating from being completed successfully
3. hindering fertilization if mating is completed successfully |
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| Postzygotic reproductive barriers |
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"after the zygote"
may contribute to reproductive isolation after the hybrid zygote is formed.
(infertile) |
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gene flow is interrupted when a population is divided into geographically isolated subpopulations
population forms a new species while geographically isolated from its parent populations. |
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| period of evolutionary change in which groups of organisms form many new species whose adaptations allow them to fill different ecological roles in their communities. |
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two part format of a scientific name.
first part : genus: species belongs to
second part: specific epithet: unique for each species within the genus |
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| group that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants |
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| the taxonomic category above the level of order |
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taxonomic category above the kingdom level
three domains:
Archaea
Bacteria
Eukarya |
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| Taxonomic category above genus |
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| taxonomic category above family |
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| the evolutionary history of a group of organisms can be represented in a branching diagram |
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| evolutionary history of a species or group of species. |
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| taxonomic category above class |
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| a discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships. |
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| named taxonomic unit at any level of the hierarchy |
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| How organisms are named and classified. |
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