Term
| What two main parts of the human body make up the CNS? |
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Definition
| The brain and spinal cord |
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Term
| What two main parts of the human body make up the PNS? |
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Definition
| Cranial Nerves and Spinal Nerves |
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Term
| What are the two motor systems that are the outputs of the nervous system? |
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Definition
| Visceral Motor System and the Somatic Motor system |
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Term
| What does the somatic motor system control? |
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Definition
| Voluntary movement, skeletal muscle and the parts of the nervous system that control them aka motor nerves |
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Term
| What does the Visceral Motor System control? |
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Definition
| (Sympathetic, Parasympathetic, and Enteric divisions) through the Autonomic ganglia and nerves |
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Term
| What does the Somatic motor system effect? |
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Definition
| Skeletal (striated muscles) |
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Term
| What does the Visceral Motor System effect? |
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Definition
| Smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands |
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Term
| Voluntary movement is controlled via the... |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are cell bodies of lower motor neurons located? |
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Definition
| In the ventral horn of the spinal cord |
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Term
| What are the two areas of the brain that are considered the descending systems (Upper Motor Neurons)? |
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Definition
| Motor Cortex and Brain-stem Centers |
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Term
| What does the Motor Cortex do? |
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Definition
| Planning, initiating, and directing voluntary movements |
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Term
| What does the Brain-stem Centers do? |
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Definition
| Basic movements and postural control |
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Term
| What does the Basal Ganglia do (in general terms of the Descending System (Upper Motor Neurons)), and what part of the Descending System (UMN) does it effect? |
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Definition
| Gating proper initiation of movement and effects the Motor Cortex |
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Term
| What does the Cerebellum do (in general terms of the Descending System (Upper Motor Neurons)), and what part of the Descending System (UMN) does it effect? |
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Definition
| Sensory motor coordination and effects the Brain-stem Centers |
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Term
| What does an Alpha Motor Neuron do? |
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Definition
| Alpha Motor Neurons directly trigger the generation of force by muscles i.e. muscle contractions. |
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Term
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Definition
| A single Alpha motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates. |
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Term
| What is a motor neuron pool? |
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Definition
| The collection of alpha motor neurons that innervates a single muscle. |
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Term
| How are motor units recruited? |
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Definition
| Smallest units first and the largest units last. Known as the size principle. |
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Term
| What are the three sources of input to an alpha motor neuron? |
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Definition
1. Dorsal Root Ganglion
2. Upper Motor Neurons in the Motor Complex and brain stem.
3. Interneurons in the spinal cord. |
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Term
| What are the two types of motor units? |
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Definition
1. Slow motor unit
2. Fast motor unit. |
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Term
| Slow motor units contain large amounts of what type of cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| What muscle fibers does an Alpha motor neuron innervate (supply/stimulate with nerves)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are Gamma motor neurons do/involved in? |
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Definition
| Innervate intrafusal fibers and are involved in feedback. |
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Term
| What occurs when a single action potential reacts to force? |
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Definition
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Term
| What occurs when multiple action potentials react to force? |
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Definition
| sustained contraction of muscle |
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Term
| What do Ia sensory axons do? |
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Definition
1. Detect changes in muscle length
2. Increase action potential frequency when stretched |
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Term
| The knee jerk reflex is an example of what type of reflex? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the role of Gamma motor neurons? |
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Definition
| Maintain sensitivity of muscle spindles during contraction |
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Term
| What is the role of the Golgi Tendon Organ? |
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Definition
| To monitor muscle tension |
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Term
| Explain Reverse Myotatic Reflex |
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Definition
| Prevents muscles from generating excessive tension and helps muscles maintain constant force. |
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Term
| What is the process of the Reverse Myotatic Reflex |
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Definition
1. Increased alpha motor neuron activity causes...
2. Muscle contraction which...
3. Activates the Golgi Tendon Organ that...
4. Inhibits Alpha motor neurons causing...
5. Slowing of the muscle contraction |
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Term
| What are the MAJOR points of the Muscle Spindle? |
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Definition
- Sensitive to stretch
- Tries to maintain a constant length
- Monosynaptic
- Large Ia sensory axons
- Fast reflex
- Myotatic reflex
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Term
| What are the MAJOR points of the Golgi Tendon Organ? |
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Definition
- Sensitive to tension
- Tries to maintain constant FORCE
- Polysnaptic
- Reverse Myotatic Reflex
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Term
| What is the role of Spinal Interneurons? |
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Definition
| Inhibitory interneurons that are reciprocal inhibition of muscle groups |
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Term
| What are the four steps of the Myotatic reflex? |
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Definition
- Hammer stretches tendon → strectching sensory receptors in leg extensor muscle
- A) Sensory neuron excites motor neuron in the spinal cord
- B) Sensory neuron excites spinal interneuron
- C) Interneuron synapse inhibts motor neuron to flexor muscles
- A) Motor neuron conducts action potential→ synapses on extensor muscle fiber→contraction
- B) Flexor muscle relaxes because of step 2C
- Leg extends
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Term
| What happens in M1, Area 4 when electrically stimulated? |
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Definition
| Elicits movement on contralateral side |
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Term
| Where is the primary motor cortex located? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are the Premotor Area and Supplemental Area located? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the Plantar reflex/Babinski Sign show? |
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Definition
| Indicates upper motor neuron lesion, and damage to corticospinal tracts |
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Term
| What is the cerebellum do? |
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Definition
- Contributes to coordination of multi-joint movements, percision, timing
- motor learning
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Term
Parkinson's Disease
- Cause
- Symptoms
- Epidemiology
- Pathology
- Treatments
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Definition
Cause
Loss of dopamine neurons in substantia nigra
Symptoms
Motor
Resting tremor
Muscular rigidity
Slowness of movement
Shuffling gait
Postural instability
Epidemiology
.3%, 10% >60 yr old
Sporadic, some types genetic
mean age=57
Drug-induced (MPTP)
Pathology
Degeneration of dopaminergic Nigrostriatal pathway
Lewy bodies in substantia nigra
Treatment
L-Dopa
Deep brain stimulation
Subthalamic Lesions
Growth Factors |
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Term
Huntington's Disease
- Cause
- Symptoms
- Epidemiology
- Pathology
- Treatments
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Definition
Cause
Disease of upper and lower motor neurons
Symptoms
Initial: muscle weakness and atrophy
Long term: increasing difficulty walking, talking, eating, swallowing, and basic functions
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Term
ALS
- Cause
- Symptoms
- Epidemiology
- Pathology
- Treatments
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three layers formed during embroynic development? |
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Definition
Ectoderm-skin, nervous system
mesoderm-muscle, skeletal system
endoderm- organs, linings |
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Term
| What does the neural tube become? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the neural crest become? |
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Definition
| Peripheral nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| reciprocal evolutionary change between interacting species |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How does coevolution affect species evolution? |
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Definition
| By exerting selective pressure on the other species |
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Term
| Positive/Positive mutualism |
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Definition
| A relationship between species that raises each other's fitness |
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Term
| Give examples of Positive/Positive mutualism |
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Definition
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