Term
| The role of the body's organs in regards to the cells environment |
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Definition
| The body organs/or systems, maintain the internal consistancy |
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Term
| In general terms: the purpose of the circulatory system |
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Definition
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Term
| Relate "homeostasis" and "dynamic equilibrium" |
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Definition
| Both mean: Changing constancy; Constantly changing to maintain constancy (always working to remain the same) |
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Definition
| The failure to maintain internal consistency (homeostasis) |
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Term
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Definition
Failed homeostasis= abnormal cellular environment
Abnormal cellular environment= cellular malfunction
Cellular Malfunction= Disease |
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Definition
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Definition
| study of occurrence and the incidence of disease within a population (distribution and determinants) |
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Definition
| study of the causes of disease; Where is the fault in the body? |
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Definition
| the mechanisms of development of the disease. The sequence of events |
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Definition
| the science of structure and form of organisms without regard to function |
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Definition
consequences of the disease.
Signs= What the physician sees
Symptoms= what the patient sees |
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Definition
| projection of the future and possible treatment |
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Term
| Causes of cellular injury |
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Definition
Most common: Abnormal environment (hypoxia or loss of oxygen)
Toxins: molecules that fit into the reactions scheme of cells and cause a blockage
Infections agents: bacteria, viruses etc.
Overactive immune response: destruction of our own cells
Physical Injury: trauma, abnormal temps., pressure changes, ionizing radiation |
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Term
| Most common cause of an "abnormal environment" |
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Definition
| hypoxia or loss of oxygen is the most common cause of cellular injury |
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Term
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Definition
| "poisons": molecules that fit into the reaction scheme of cells and cause a blockage |
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Term
| Describe the ways in which an infectious agent might cause cellular injury |
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Definition
-infectious agents attached directly to cells and attack
-they can secrete destructive toxins
-they can activate the immune system which causes the body to destroy is own cells as a defense mechanism |
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Term
Physical injury to cells:
Trauma |
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Definition
| direct damage to the cells e.g. head injury, blunt force, car accident |
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Term
Physical injury to cells:
Temperature extremes
(Address slight temp changes) |
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Definition
Hot: coagulates proteins
Cold: ice crystals crystallize cells
Slight temp changes e.g.fever, hypothermia: upsets the balance of cells biochemical reactions |
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Term
Physical injury to cells:
Sudden pressure changes |
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Definition
| sudden drop in atmospheric pressure dissolves gasses and forms bubbles; bubbles block capillaries and stop oxygen flow. |
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Term
Physical injury to cells:
Ionizing radiation |
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Definition
| knocks atoms apart, destroys molecules, breaks bonds and creates free radicals (want to bond with something). Crates tumors. Reactive molecule reacts with DNA, loses control of mitosis= tumor. |
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Term
| Cells exposed to injurious agents will... |
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Definition
| try to adapt their structure and function to avoid injury in the presence of that agent. E.g. deceasing circulation (Adaptation) |
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Term
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Definition
| wasting; decrease in size of an organ tissue. Reduction in cellular size due to a decrease in the machinery of that cell. Cell physically gets smaller. (It is a type of adaptation) |
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Term
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Definition
| an increase in the size of an organ or structure of the body, owing to growth rater than a tumor. Increase in cellular size e.g. increased muscle size, NOT a tumor |
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Term
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Definition
increase in the number of cells. e.g an abrasion to the epithelial results in more layers of cells (callus)
NOT possible in cardiac or skeletal muscle or in neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| "programmed cell death": the genetic limitation of the lifespan of cells. May be important in limiting growth of tumors. We don't need the cell anymore so it dies off. |
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Term
| inadequate adaptation may result in... |
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Definition
cellular accumulation
Adaptation failure= cellular injury |
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Term
| List three types of accumulation |
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Definition
Hydropic change
Fatty change
Inclusions |
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Term
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Definition
| the accumulation of water in cells= cellular swelling (not hypertrophy or edema). It is the presence of water inside the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fat droplets inside a plasma of cells. It is caused by a blockage of specific biochemical pathways. Common causes: toxins, starvation (skinny limbs, bloated belly). Commonly occurs in hepatic (liver) cells |
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Term
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Definition
| particles in cells that aren't part of the machinery of the cell. Garbage in the cell. Cellular damage is caused by an increase rate of accumulation of garage, results in faster cellular turnover. |
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Term
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Definition
Step one: membrane disintegrates (looks like sand inside the cell)
Step two: release of digestive enzymes from lysosomes. "To lyse": generalized digestion of cell |
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Term
define coagulative necrosis
common location
common cause |
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Definition
| proteins of the tissue coagulate (maintain some of th structure of the tissue, think hard boiled egg). Common cause: hypoxia Common Location: the heart |
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Term
liquifactive necrosis
Common location |
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Definition
| tissue liquefies leaving fluid-filled space where the tissue was (cyst, abscess). Common location: brain=stroke |
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Term
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Definition
| partial coagulation, partial liquefaction of tissue. Chunky fluid-filled area (think cottage cheese). Commonly seen in tissue damaged by active TB: dead tissue that has both coagulated and liquefied. |
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Term
| Necrotic tissue calcification |
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Definition
| necrotic tissue may calcify under certain conditions. Common examples: atherosclerosis, damaged heart tissue (becomes inflamed, then becomes scarred, and then becomes calcified) |
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Term
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Definition
| an invasion of necrotic tissue by saprophytic organisms (causes black pigment as a result of byproduct) |
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Term
| Gas gangrene and crepitus |
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Definition
| some saprophytic organisms produce gases. Gases collect in the tissue as tiny bubbles. When the tissue is squeezed, you can hear an audible "crackling". The sound is known as crepitus |
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Term
| Intracellular fluid (ICF) |
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Definition
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Term
| Extracellular fluid (ECF) |
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Definition
| fluid outside of cells; ECF can be either interstitial fluid (ISF) which is in between cells outside of vessels, or vascular which is inside of vessels |
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Definition
| a constant motion of particles |
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Term
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Definition
| the directional movement of particle due to the presence of difference in concentration between two places |
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Term
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Definition
| particles will move in the direction where lower concentration of particles exists until there is equal distribution |
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Term
| diffusion of particles requires... |
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Definition
| that the particles are soluble in the medium separating two locaitons |
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Term
| discuss polar and non-polar molecules |
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Definition
Polar molecules are soluble in water, non-polar particles (like fats) are not.
To dissolve in water particles must be polar (partially charged).
The only way to get non polar particles to dissolve is to attach to something that is polar |
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Term
| Moving particles against a concentration gradient requires... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the pumping of particles from one place to another; this uses cellular energy. This action usually moves particles from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration |
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Term
| Most of the bodies energy is spent.. |
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Definition
| in the active transport of particles between compartments |
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Term
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Definition
| capillaries are the smallest blood vessels (diameter is about that of a single red blood cell). Made of simple squamous epithelial cells rolled into a tube. They are porous to all small molecules; slit pours allow passage of particles smaller then proteins. They allow free exchange between ISF and vascular fluid |
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Term
| Capillary hydrostatic pressure (CHP) |
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Definition
| the force on the fluid portion of the blood forcing fluid out of the capillaries into the ISF. Pushes blood through and water out. Filtration |
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Term
| Tissue hydrostatic pressure (THP) |
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Definition
| the force on the interstitial fluid pushing fluid into the capillaries. Pressure on the water in the tissue space squeezes water back into the capillaries. Absorption |
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Term
| plasma colloid osmotic pressure (PCOP) |
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Definition
| the force created by proteins in the plasma that pulls fluid into the capillaries. Absorption |
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Term
| tissue colloid osmotic pressure (TCOP) |
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Definition
| the force created by proteins in the interstitial fluid that pulls fluid out of the capillaries. Filtration |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| Combined action of the four force (CHP, THP, PCOP, TCOP)... |
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Definition
| determines whether or not filtration or absorption, dominates at any location of the capillary |
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Term
| general construction of the lymph circulation |
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Definition
| the lymphatic system starts within the lymph capillaries in the ISF (found everywhere except the CNS). Lymph capillaries are more porous than blood capillaries (they can admit proteins, cellular debris, and bacteria etc.). Lymph capillaries flow in to bigger vessels known as collecting lymphatics. Collecting lymphatics flow through lymph nodes and are valved |
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Term
Gross appearance of the lymph nodes
Location |
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Definition
| Lymph nodes are bean shaped, located in lymph node regions. Size can range anywhere from microscopic to the size of a kidney bean |
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Term
| describe the capsule and interior of a lymph node |
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Definition
| the capsule consists of non-stretching connective tissue on the outside. The inside of the node is made up of web like fibers, much like cotton- suspended in the "cotton" are lymph nodules (clusters of lymphocytes) and macrophages. |
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Term
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Definition
| lymph flows into subclavian vein i.e. back into systemic circulation |
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Term
| Two major functions of the lymphatic circulation |
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Definition
1. Returns leaked proteins back to the circulation
2. Defense; production of lymphocytes (white blood cells); filters bacteria, cleanses ISF |
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Term
| describe the development of pressure to cause lymph flow |
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Definition
| Pumping= increased tissue hydrostatic pressure; constriction from an outside source; contraction of smooth muscle in the lymphatic |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of the bodies defense against foregin organisims; stops "invaders" by filling a niche and blocking pathogens. Necessary to remove "foreign" particles |
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Term
| Define "foreign" in relation to defense |
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Definition
| anything out of place in the body. i.e. organisms, dead cells, degeneration products etc. |
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