the instigator of an action suffers decreased fitness while the receiving individual benefits; surprisingly common in nature.

the instigator of an action gains in fitness while the recipient loses.

where both parties lose; no definitive examples of this in nature.

Domain

   Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

 Family

Genus

Species

Three Domains of Life

Bacteria: just what you might think by the name

Archaea: other bacteria that occupy mostly very

extreme environments

Eukarya: The rest of us…plants, fungi, animals, etc..

The Domain Eukarya is divided into 4 Kingdoms:

1.Animalia: all animals, including us.

2. Fungi: yep, fungi

3. Plantae: yep, most all plants

4. Protista: everything that isn’t a bacteria, fungus, plant, or animal…the “trashcan” of eukaryotic life forms.

35-38

Handful of large ones but majority are small

Anomolocaris

grew to 50 cm long and was thought to be the dominant predator in this landscape.

is considered to have been a deposit feeding arthropod and is the most common fossil known from the Burgess Shale.

Average size was about 3 inches.
form a large subgroup of the Phylum Arthropoda

ca. 565years= first multicellular animals appear

Over 40 millino years about every life form comes to truition on earth

All major animal phylas appeared here which happenned in only 1% of earths history

: described in 1931, from near the Burgess Shale outcrop, but not found since that time.

What type of diversity arose during the Cambrian explosion? 

5) everything from sponges, jellyfish, flatworms, roundworms, mollusks, annelids, arthropods to starfish (echinoderms) and early chordates showed up in one form or another.

What environmental changes may have keyed the Cambrian explosion?

Change in oxygen levels in the oceans.

Ediacaran animals mostly filter-feeders

Selection pressures: predation; new food availability

When a single ancestral species diversifies (radiates) into a large number of descendent species that occupy a wide range of new niches

Cambrian explosion represents adaptive radiation among animals, but it is not unique.

periods of rapid diversification (speciation) followed by long periods of stasis (Gould & Eldredge, 1972)

the period of little or no apparent change over extended periods of geologic time (i.e., millions of years).

change through time, but change through time does not necessarily mean speciation.

a splitting of a lineage.  A new species is derived from an ancestral one.

the morphological change (often rapid and dramatic) in a single species that does not result in speciation.

When is it believed that life on earth first originated?

± 4.5 – 4.6 billion years ago

bacterial and many researchers believe cyanobacteria that formed stromatolites were among the first life forms.

Komodo Dragon lizard

8-10 feet long, 150 to over 350 pounds (??).  Known to take down animals as large as horses or even water buffalo.

Wild water buffalo

Sensory perception: eye sight and olfactory organs on the roof of their mouths.

Venomous.  Venom from lower jaws tranquilizes prey soon after being bitten.

Teeth: numerous, serrated, up to one inch long.

Predatory tactics: ambush, group hunting.

Reproduction: asexual (parthenogenesis) or sexual.

Length: 18-24 inches  

Body: beaded scales which cover tiny spheres of bone.

Prey: small mammals, birds, and eggs.

Weapon: Chew venom into wound; 70% of bites inject venom (a neurotoxin).

Lifestyle: Burrowing animals that store fat in their tails

Habitat: Tropical deciduous forests

Weapon: poisonous venom (hemotoxin that can paralyze your lungs)

Prey: Small vertebrates and their eggs

Unique Characteristic: Tensile tail that allows them to hang from trees

**Venom is being used in research to help find cures for Alzheimers, Diabetes and HIV

Ca. 45 species distributed from northwestern China to Turkey in arid and semiarid habitats.

Noted for their tail curling behavior: defensive mechanism or communication?

14 species currently recognized; eight in the U.S. 

Known for the ability to squirt blood from their eyes as a defensive mechanism.

They are considered sacred animals to many Native American tribes.

Species are readily distinguished by the arrangement of their occipital and temporal  “horns” as well as the scale patterns about their heads

Color Varies on their Habitat environment

Horned lizards are either viviparous or oviparous.

Oviparous:

Australian species that grows to eight inches and may live to 20 years old. It is the sole species in this genus. It lives primarily on ants and may eat thousands in a day.

It takes in water when condensation of dew at night collects on their bodies.  It is funneled to their mouths via hygroscopic grooves between its spines.

They have a false head behind their real one and this is presented to predators by ducking their real head. Predators include goannas and birds

six species from Southeast Asia.

membranes that extend around their legs and body which allow them to fall as much as 200 feet

they drop vertically for 1.2-3 m, then adopt the characteristic ‘spread-eagle’ posture and parachute/glide in a descending arc.”

Ostrich: Struthiocamelus

Height 7-9 feet tall  Weight: 220 to 350 lbs
arid and savannah regions of Africa
They are the largest extant bird species and have a lifespan of 40-45 years