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| Comprehensive ideas that are much broader in scope than hypotheses |
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| (plural, hypotheses) A tentative explanation a scientist proposes for a specific phenomenon that has been observed |
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| The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element |
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| The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, unique for each element and designated by a subscript to the left of the elemental symbol |
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| A cluster of several membrane proteins found in the mitochondrial crista (and bacterial plasma membrane) that function in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen ion concentration gradient to make ATP. ATP synthases provide a port through which hydrogen ions diffuse into the matrix of a mitrochondrion |
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| (adenosine triphosphate)An adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells |
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| An organism that obtains organic food molecules without eating other organisms or substances derived from other organisms. Autotrophs use energy from the sun or from the oxidation of inorganic substances to make organic molecules from inorganic ones |
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| The most common form of arteriosclerosis or hardening of the arteries. It is a complicated disease in which a buildup of fatty deposits within the walls of the arteries restricts, and sometimes blocks completely, the flow of blood to the vital organs of the body |
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| One of two prokaryotic domains, the other being the Bacteria |
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| The kingdom that contains the animals |
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| A functional group that consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms; can act as a base in solution, accepting a hydrogen ion and acquiring a charge of +1 |
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| A precise research method scientists use to determine the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide |
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| An organic molecule possessing both carboxyl and amino groups. Amino acids serve as the monomers of proteins |
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| An organic compound with one or more amino groups |
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| The attraction between different kinds of molecules |
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| A) A double-ring nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA |
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| The movement of a substance across a biological membrane against its concentration or electrochemical gradient with the help of energy input and specific transport proteins |
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| The specific portion of an enzyme that attaches to the substrate by means of weak chemical bonds |
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| Rain, snow, or fog that is more acidic than pH 5.6 |
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| A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution |
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| The uptake of small nutrient molecules by an organism's own body; the third main stage of food processing, following digestion |
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| One of two prokaryotic domains, the other being the Archaea |
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| A substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution |
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| A mixture of substances that is produced in the liver, stored in the gall bladder, and acts as a detergent to aid in the digestion and absorption of fats |
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| A substance that consists of acid and base forms in a solution and that minimizes changes in pH when extraneous acids or bases are added to the solution |
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| A plant that uses the Calvin cycle for the initial steps that incorporate CO2 into organic material, forming a three-carbon compound as the first stable intermediate |
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| A plant that prefaces the Calvin cycle with reactions that incorporate CO2 into four-carbon compounds, the end product of which supplies CO2 for the Calvin cycle |
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| The second of two major stages in photosynthesis (following the light reactions), involving atmospheric CO2 fixation and reduction of the fixed carbon into carbohydrate |
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| A sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides) |
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| The simplest collection of matter that can live |
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| A structural polysaccharide of cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by b-1, 4-glycosidic linkages |
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| A membranous sac in a mature plant cell with diverse roles in reproduction, growth, and development |
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| A structure in an animal cell composed of cylinders of microtubule triplets arranged in a 9 + 0 pattern. An animal cell usually has a pair of centrioles involved in cell division |
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| An attraction between two atoms resulting from a sharing of outer-shell electrons or the presence of opposite charges on the atoms; the bonded atoms gain complete outer electron shells |
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| An organelle found only in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water |
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| A threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins. See chromatin |
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| The binding together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds |
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| All the organisms that inhabit a particular area; an assemblage of populations of different species living close enough together for potential interaction |
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| A type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one pair of valence electrons |
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| A chemical process in which a polymer forms as monomers are linked by the removal of water molecules. One molecule of water is removed for each pair of monomers linked |
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| For proteins, a process in which a protein unravels and loses its native conformation, thereby becoming biologically inactive. For DNA, the separation of the two strands of the double helix. Denaturation occurs under extreme conditions of pH, salt concentration, and temperature |
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| A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis |
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| A taxonomic category above the kingdom level. The three domains are Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya |
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| All the organisms in a given area as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact; a community and its physical environment |
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| A subatomic particle with a single negative charge; one or more electrons move around the nucleus of an atom |
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