Term
| Prokaryote characteristics |
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Definition
Most are unicellular, some colonial
.5-5 micrometers
wide variety of shapes
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Term
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Definition
protects cell
keeps from bursting in hypotonic
maintains cell shape |
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Term
| Bacterial cell wall structure |
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Definition
made of peptidoglycan
vs chitin or cellulose in eukaryotes
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Term
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Definition
| bacteria cell wall structure; a polymer composed of modfified sugars cross-linked by short polypeptides. |
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Definition
| have polysaccharides and lipids but not peptidoglycan |
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Term
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Definition
a large amount of peptidoglycan
traps crystal violet |
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Definition
less peptidoglycan
more complex structure
has liposaccharides
crystal violet rinsed away revealing red dye |
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Term
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Definition
dense well defined sticky layer of polysaccharides or proteins in prokaryotes
allows to stick in a colony
or shield pathogenic prokaryotes |
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Definition
resistant cells that has a copy of chromosome
bacteria develop it in harsh conditions.
halts metabolism until condition in right
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Term
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Definition
allows prokaryotes to stick to substrates or others
hairlike appendages
shorter and more numerous than pili |
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Term
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Definition
a directed toward or away from a stimulus
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Term
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Definition
| toward or away from a chemical stimulus |
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Term
| how do most prokaryotes propell themselves |
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Definition
| with flagella composed of different proteins |
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Term
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Definition
scattered or on both ends of a prokaryotes
made up of proteins
arose independently in archaea, bactera, and eukaryotes
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Term
| internal organization and dna |
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Definition
circular chromosomes
lacks a nucleus, has a nucleoid
may have plasmids
smaller ribosomes
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Term
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Definition
| smaller rings of independently replicating DNA molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| a region of cytoplasm that is not enclosed by a membrane |
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Term
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Definition
reproduce by binary fission
divide every 1-3 hours
they are small
short generation times |
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Term
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Definition
high in prokaryotes
from rapid reproduction
mutation
genetic recombination |
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Term
| rapid reproduction and mutation |
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Definition
many cells are genetically indentical via binary fission
mutation is low but in rapid reproduction increases mutation rate
high diversity allows for rapid evolution |
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Term
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Definition
the otherway of genetic diversity in prokaryotes
combining of DNA from 2 sources
no sex, but conjugation, transduction, and transformation can bring dna from other prokaryotes
horizontal gene transfer |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of genes from one organism to another |
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Term
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Definition
| genotype and phenotype sometimes are altered by uptake of foreign dna |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of genes between bacteriophages and bacteria |
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Term
| Dna transfer (conjugation) |
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Definition
one way
donor cell attaches to cell and pulls it closer by a pilus
f factor is required for pili |
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Term
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Definition
resistant genes that are ineffective to antibiotics
antibiotics kill those without specific R plasmid
nat selection increases R plasmids when a pop is exposed to antibiotics |
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Term
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Definition
cells with an f plasmid are dna donors
without are reciepients
f factor is transferable by conjugation |
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Term
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Definition
| poisoned by o2, use fermentation or anaerobic respiration other than o2 |
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Term
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Definition
| must use o2 for cell respiration |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| at least 1 organic ingredient to make other organic compounds |
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Definition
| only need CO2 or related compounds a carbon source |
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Term
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Definition
| use o2 if its present, but can do fermentation or anaerobic respiration |
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Term
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Definition
| prokaryotes can metabolize n2 in many forms |
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Term
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Definition
| prokaryote metabolize of n2 to nh3 ammonia |
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Term
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Definition
| prokaryotes cooperate with other cells to recieve environmental resources they couldn't with other cells |
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Term
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Definition
| metabolic cooperation with other cells |
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Term
| Prokaryotes are related into a diverse set of lineages |
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Definition
gen diversity is immense
horizontal gene transfer played a key role in evolution, aquired from distant species |
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Term
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Definition
| share certain traits with bacteria and other with eukaryotes |
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Term
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Definition
| sp,e archaea live in extreme conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| live in highly saline environment |
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Definition
| thrive in very hot environments |
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Term
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Definition
| live in swamps and marshes and produce methane as a byproduct |
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Term
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Definition
include the vast majority of prokaryotes
diverse nutritional types are scattered between major groups of bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
include photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, and heterotrophs
can be anaerobic and aerobic |
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Term
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Definition
many species are closely related with euk hosts
hypothesis that mitochondria evolved from aerobic proteobacteria through symbiosis |
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Term
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Definition
the nutritionally diverse proteobacteria
notrosomonas, soil bacteria nitrogen recycling |
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Term
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Definition
| sulfur bacteria and e. coli |
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Term
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Definition
| includes myxobacteria and bacteria that attacks other bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
most species are pathogenic to humans
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Term
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Definition
| most are parasites that survive only in animal cells |
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Term
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Definition
helical heterotrophs
some are parasites, syphilis and lyme disease |
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Term
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Definition
gram negative photoautotrphs
plantlike, oxygen generating photosynthesis
plant chloroplast likely evolved from cyanobacteria through endosymbiosis |
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Term
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Definition
actinomyocetes
baccillus anthraxus
mycoplasms |
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Term
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Definition
prokaryotes play a major role in recycling elements in environments
they can sometimes increase phosphorous, nitrogen, and potassium for plant growth
can sometimes decrease nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
| chemoheterotrophic prokaryotes, breaking down dead organisms and waste products, unlocking supplies of carbno, nitrogen, and other elements |
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Term
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Definition
ecological relationship between 2 species that live in close contact, a larger host and a smaller symbiont
Prokaryotes often form relationships with large organisms |
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Definition
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Definition
| one species benefits the other is not harmed |
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Term
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Definition
| where one benefits and other is hurt but not killed |
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Term
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Definition
| eats the cell contents, tissues, or body fluids of its host. |
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Term
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Definition
| nearly half of all human diseases come from pathogenic bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| are proteins secreted by certain bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| are lipopolysaccharide components of the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria, endotoxins are released |
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Term
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Definition
| use of prokaryotes to stop pollutants in environments |
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