Term
|
Definition
| Periods of stasis ending in sudden change |
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Term
|
Definition
| Small changes in a population over small periods of time |
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Term
|
Definition
| Does not code for a product, the end chromosomes can be lost without harm. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Does not code for a product some are copies of function genes, but have a mutation in the middle. Used to develop genetic finger prints. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Sections that control the timing of when a section of a gene is actually used. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Location of where in the body the gene will be used and how many. |
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Term
|
Definition
| All alleles for any gene in a population at a given time. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The complete killing of a species |
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Term
|
Definition
| The process in which new genetically distinct species evolve usually as a result of genetic isolation from the main population. |
|
|
Term
| the big five mass extinctions |
|
Definition
| Over a period of 500 million years, these 5 events are particularly well documented for the decimation of hard-bodied organisms that lived in the shallow seas. In each mass extinction 50% or more of earths marine species became extinct. |
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Term
|
Definition
| boundary between Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras (251 million years ago) claimed about 96% of marine animal speices and drastically altered life in the ocean. At a time of enormous volcanic eruptions in what is now Siberia. This was the most extreme episode of Volcanism. |
|
|
Term
| Cretaceous Mass Extinction |
|
Definition
| Occurred 65 million years ago. Between the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras. A layer of Iridium was found during this period which is a rare earth metal commonly found in meteorites. This killed off most of the dinosaurs. |
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|
Term
| The sixth mass extinction |
|
Definition
| The human caused extinction,more then a 1000 species have become extinction in the last 400 years |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| is the last 10000 years recent history. |
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Term
|
Definition
| humans having an effect on the natural environmental make up. |
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Term
|
Definition
| once a species is extinct it may not come back. |
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|
Term
| Time it takes for life to recover after extinction |
|
Definition
| 5-10 million years according to fossil record. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A community rebuilds with more predators. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Periods of evolutionary change in which groups of organisms form many new species whose adaptations allow them to fill different ecological roles or niches in their communities. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Genes that code for proteins |
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Term
|
Definition
| is defined as a developmental change in the timing of events, leading to changes in size and shape. |
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Term
|
Definition
| If reproductive organ development accelerates compared to other organs, the sexually mature stage of a speices may retain body features that were juvenile structures in ancestral species. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| master regulatory are genes that determine which parts of the body form what body parts |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| First look at the simplest explanation consistent with the facts |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Comparison of molecules(genes and genemons) |
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Term
|
Definition
| a discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships |
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Term
|
Definition
| The evolutionary history of a species or a group of species. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The scientific discipline of how organisms are named and classified. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The named taxonomic unit at any level of the hierarchy |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the evolutionary history of a group of organisms represented on a branching diagram. |
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Term
|
Definition
| is the transfer of genes other than parents to offspring |
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Term
|
Definition
| Gene transfer from parent to offspring |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| rather then homo-logy or shared ancestry this is coincides with convergent evolution |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Analogous structures that arose independently (Greek for mold the same way) |
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Term
|
Definition
| the disciplined of that uses DNA and other molecular data to determine evolutionary relationships. |
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|
Term
| Domain for mitochondria and chloroplasts ancestors |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Salt environment Domain Archaea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hot environment Domain Archaea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sulfur using Domain Archaea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Horizontal Gene Transfer Types |
|
Definition
| Exchange of transposable elements, Exchange of Plasmids, Viral Infection, Fusion of cells |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Have a thick cell wall made of peptidoglycan. (looks Red) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| has a thinner layer of peptidoglycan between it is located between to plasma membranes |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a network of modified-sugar polymers cross linked between by short polypeptides. Prokaryotes have this feature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Jelly like outter coating (funtion to stick to surfaces). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are long thread like structures used to attach to surfaces or other prokaryotes |
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Term
|
Definition
| appendages that pull two cells together prior to DNA transfer from one cell to the other. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Movement toward or away from stimulus |
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Term
|
Definition
| Change in movement pattern in response to chemicals |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Change in movement in response to light |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Tiny circles of sepretatly replicating DNA with few genes ready for transmit |
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Term
|
Definition
| Becoming prey, Die in own waste, run out of food |
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Term
|
Definition
| When times go bad a resistant cell is constructed from the orginal bacteria with a tougher wall, copy of chromosomes and no water (boiling water, can lye dormintant for centurys, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The combining of DNA from two different sources. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| uptake of foreign DNA from its surroundings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| genes are carried by a virus from one bacteria to another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| genetic material is transferred between two bacterial cells of the same or different spices that joined temporary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Can only survive in with in animal cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Are helical heterotrophs spiral through their environment by means of rotating an internal flagellum like fliments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| photoautotrouphs Anebana Oscillatoria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an ecological relationship between two speices that live in close contact with one another. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large and diverse clad of gram negative bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| recycling ammonium to nitrite |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sulfur bacteria and several pathogens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Eat cells or cell products |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| create toxcins as a waste product and are consider parasites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Some bacteria diseases are transmitted by other spices suchs as fleas or ticks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Proteins secerted by certain bacteria and other organisms botulism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| compontents of the outter membrane (gram negitive) bacteria dies and compontents released Salmonella |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organisms that remove pollutants from soil air and water |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| used to make transgenic plants (Dna provided from another source) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| They have a grove on one side of the body and highly modified mitochrida |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| group includes brown algae photo syntheic organisms pathogens |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| tread like pseudopodia amoebas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| many photosynthic algae plus land plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fungi animals normal amebois |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Alveolates strameninpiles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Have protists the break down the grass. |
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|
Term
| Are parasites consider symbotic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Autophotosyntheic organisms |
|
Definition
| from the base of the food chain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| provide nutrients for the food chain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| create a huge protion of oxygen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the most infamous giardia, its a parasite |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| They have two nuclui and lack functional electron transport chains and have B modifed moticondria and inhabits the intestant of animals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have a reduced mitochondria, release hydrogen gas as a byproduct. Trichomas causes a disease |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| They have odd crystalline rod in the flagellum. Euglenid mixotrophs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have tread like pseudopodia, the main function of these treads is for catching food |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| named for the porous shells called tests (CaCO3 not see through) used for time marking |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| intricatley symmetrical internal skeletons that are generally made of silica. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Red Algae, Green Algae, and land plants photosynthetic as a group (rhodophytes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the reddish color comes from the pigment phycoerythrin which masks the green of chlorophyll.(rhodophytes) every light color used but red |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Flat reddish blades is edible |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Used as wrap for sushi edible food |
|
|
Term
| Archaeplastida Green Algae |
|
Definition
| Refereed to as chlorophytes and charophytes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is in green algae lives in snow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are the ancestors of land plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| type of green algae edible seaweed. |
|
|
Term
| Green algae that form colonies |
|
Definition
| as seen in volox (pond scum) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| These are little membrane-bounded sacs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cells with reinfored cellouse plates, Two flagella located. produce toxin. They are called ride tides because of the pigments which is toxic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is a complex of organelles made for penetration. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Plasmodium can changes its surface proteins. Also share the same cell types as humans. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Use cilia to move and feed, which is funneled in the oral groove then into the cell mouth. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| acts as water control. contracts to release water. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gloucose polymer laminarin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Yellow and brown caroteniods and two flagella. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Many are edible, algin a substances in the aglae call algin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the anestrail gorup to animales |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The pattern of evolution over large scales of time. |
|
|
Term
| Symbiotic Protists Example |
|
Definition
| Wood Digesting protist inside termites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pfiesteria shumwayae parasite that attaches to its victims and eats their skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unicellular groups of eukaryotes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Several occasions during eukaryotic evolution. Heterotrophic eukaryotes ingested green algae and red algae-tose algae became endosymbionts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have modified mitochondria called mitosomes. These organelles lack the function of an electron transport train. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Method of transportation for Moss Sperm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Angiosperms used this method of transportation for the sperm |
|
Definition
| Animals (wasps, Bees, Wind) |
|
|
Term
| Gymnosperms use this method of transportation for the sperm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Alternation of Generations |
|
Definition
| is exclusive to land plants. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Germinating Moss spores for example characteristically produce a mass of green, branched, one-cell thick filament. |
|
|
Term
| Number of estimated Angiosperm Species |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells joined into tubes dthat transport water and nutrients throughout the plant body |
|
|
Term
| Fruit serves the function of |
|
Definition
| Disbursement and seed protection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is a botanical term used to describe plants which bear both sperm and eggs on the same gametophyte. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is the complementary term describing species in which gametophytes produce only sperm or eggs but never both. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plants that have a vascular tissue system. |
|
|
Term
| Alkanoids, terpenes, and tannins |
|
Definition
| a bitter taste strong odor, or toxic effect that helps protect against herbivores and parasites |
|
|
Term
| Cultivation of plants started |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are holes in the underside of plants used for gas exchange. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conducts water and minerals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Convert gas CO2 to an organic compounds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Moss can be complete dried out and still survive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gives you diploid generation |
|
|
Term
| Charophytes share these unique features with plants |
|
Definition
| Rosette-shaped cellulose -synthesizing complexes |
|
|
Term
| Peroxisome Enzymes help minimize the loss of organic products as of the result of photorespiration |
|
Definition
| Charophytes share these unique features with plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Consists of Embryo its food surrounded by a protective coat. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is diploid cell, having two nuceli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Star anise and Water lily |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Star anise and Water lily the primitive group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plant and Animal interactions |
|
Definition
| Some Orchids look like female insects to attack |
|
|
Term
| 80% of Caliroes come from |
|
Definition
Rice
Corn
Wheat
Potatoes
cassava
sweet potatoes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Coffee
Cocoa
Chocolate
Spices
Wood
Paper |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Source-Foxglove
Use-Heart Medicaition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Source-Opium Poppy
Example of Use-Pain reliever |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Source- Curare tree
Example of Use- Muscle relaxant during Surgery |
|
|
Term
| Threats to plant diversity |
|
Definition
Pollution
Slash-and-burn clearing of forests for agricultural use. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Have the internal flagellum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Shared Ancestral Character |
|
Definition
| A character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade. |
|
|
Term
| Prokaryotic Vs. Eukaryotic Flagellum |
|
Definition
| Prokarytoic flagellum is 1/10 the width of Eukaryotic flagellum and is not covered by an extension of the plasma membrane. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an area of the cytoplasm where the chromosomes are located. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A group named after their unqiue way of capturing energy They use CO2 and to oxidize H2 releasing a methane waste product. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| use O2 for cellular respiration and cannot grow without it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| use o2 if present but can also carry out anaerobic respiration or fermentation in an anaerobic environment. |
|
|
Term
| Archaea and Eukarya Similarities |
|
Definition
| No Peptidoglycan cell wall, several kinds of RNA polymerase, Introns in genes, growth not affected by anibiotics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| convert atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Metabolic cooperation between different prokaryotic species often occurs in surface coating colonies known as biofilms |
|
|
Term
| Examples of Biofilm damage |
|
Definition
| Medical equipment, tooth decay |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prokaotes that like hot conditions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| high saline or salty conditions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The large and diverse clad of gram-negative bacteria, includes photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, and heterotrophs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Can only survive in animal cells, depending upon the host for resources to perform ATP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Have internal flagellum like filaments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the only bacteria with plantlike oxygen generating photosynthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have a peptidoglycan layer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Diplomonads- Have modified mitochondria called mitosomes, several flagella
Parabasalids- have mitochondria called
hydrogensomes, undulating membrane, several flagella
Euglenozoans-spiral or crystalline rod of unknown function.
Kinetoplastids- have a single, large mitochondrion that contains organized mass of DNA called a kinetoplast.
Euglenid- Can do photosynthesis or engulf prey by phaocytosis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Alveolates-have membrane-bound sacs just under plasma membrane
Dinoflagellates-cellulose plates some endosymbiosis with corals
Apicomplexans- plasmodium apical complex to penetrate host cells
Ciliates-surface covered with cilia 2 types of nuclei in same cell paramecium
Stramenopiles- have hairy like flagella and sometimes also normal smooth ones
diatoms- glass like cell silica walls (tests), store for in laminarin or oil
golden Algae- yellow or brown carotenoids some are muticelluar
Brown Algae- all multi cellular and many complex
Oomycetes- includes water molds phytopthora (potato blight) cellulose in walls decomposers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Foraminiferans- thread like pseudopodia through holes in external calcium
Radiolarians- thread like pseudopodia joined by microtubules, internal silica tests |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
red algae- reddish color helps absorb blue green light
Green Algae- related to land plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Amebozoans- Have tube or lube rather then tread like pseudopidia
opisthokonts- closet relative to fungi kingdom |
|
|
Term
| Ancestral Characters charophycean algal Ancestor of land plants |
|
Definition
Phargmoplast Forms between the daugther nuclei and dividing cel
Structure of flagellated sperm
peroxisome enzymes
rosette chaped cellulose-synthesizing complexes
Sporopollenin- keeps zygotes from drying out. |
|
|
Term
| Derived traits of land plants |
|
Definition
Alternation of generations
Embryophytes
Cuticle
mycorrhizae
toxins |
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|
