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| What are the types of anatomy? |
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1. Gross or macroscopic (regional, systemic and surface)
2. Microscopic (cytology and histology)
3. Developmental (embryology) |
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| The study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another |
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| The study of how the body parts function |
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1. Maintaining boundaries
2. Movement
3. Responsiveness
4. Digestion
5. Metabolism
6. Dispose of Wastes
7. Reproduction
8. Growth |
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- Forms the external body covering & protects deeper tissue from injury
- Skin, hair, nails |
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- Protects & supports body organs
- Provides a framework for the muscles used to cause movement
- Bone |
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- Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion & facial expression
- Maintains posture & produces heat
- Muscles |
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- As the fast-acting control system of the body, it responds to internal & external changes by activating appropriate muscles & glands
- Brain, spinal cord, nerves |
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- Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction & nutrient use by body cells
- Pineal, pituitary, thyroid, thymus, adrenal, pancreas, ovary, testis |
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- Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc
- Heart, blood vessels |
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- Picks up fluid leaked from the blood vessels & returns it to the blood
- Dispose of debris in the lymphatic stream
- Houses white blood cells involved in immunity
- lymphatic nodes & vessels, spleen, thymus, red bone marrow |
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- Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen & removes carbon dioxide
- Gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs
- Nasal cavity, pharynex, larynex, trachea, lungs, bronchus |
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- Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells
- Oral cavity, esophagus, liver, stomach, intestines, rectum, anus |
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- Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body
- Regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balances of the blood
- Kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra |
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- Production of offspring
- Penis, testis, scrotum, prostate, mammary glands, uterus, ovaries, vagina |
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- Thin, double layered membranes
- Layers seperated by slit-like cavity filled with serous fluid
- Parietal: lines internal body cavity walls
- Visceral: covers internal organs
- Named for specific cavity & organs which associated
- Each has perietal & visceral layers
- Pericardium: heart
- Pleurae: lungs
- Peritoneum: abdominopelvic cavity |
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| Structure of the generalized cell |
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Definition
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- Some cells are free (ex. blood or sperm cells)
- Most are bound into communities by
- Tight junctions
- Desmosomes
- Gap Junctions |
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- Adjacent integral proteins fuse
- Form impermeable junction encircling the cell (prevents fluid from moving between cells)
- Ex. Muscles or blood brain barrier |
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- Rivets that anchor together at plaques (thickenings on the plasma membrane)
- Linker proteins between cells connect plaques
- Keratin filaments extend through cytosol to opposite plaque giving stability to cell
- Reduces possibility of tearing
- Ex. kidneys |
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- Transmembrane proteins form pores (connexons) that allow small molecules to pass from cell to cell
- For spread of ions, simple sugars & other small molecules between cardiac or smooth muscle cells
- Ex. Heart muscle |
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- Double-membrane structure with inner shelflike cristae
- Provide most of the cell's ATP via aerobic cellular respiration
- Contain their own DNA, RNA & ribosomes
- Similar to bacteria; capable of cell division called fission |
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- Granules containing protein and rRNA
- Site of protein synthesis
- Free ribosomes synthesize soluble proteins that function in cytosol or other organelles
- Membrane-bound ribosomes (forming rough ER) synthesize proteins to be incorporated into membranes, lysosomes or exported from cell |
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| Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) |
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Definition
- Interconnected tubes and parallel membranes enclosing cisterns
- Continuous with outer nuclear membrane
- Two varieties:
- Rough ER
- Smooth ER |
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- External surface studded with ribosomes
- Manufactures all secreted proteins
- Synthesizes membrane integral proteins and phospholipids
- Assembled proteins move to ER interior, enclosed in vesicle, go to Golgi Apparatus |
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- Network of tubules continuous with rough ER
- It's enzymes (integral proteins) function in
- Lipid metabolism; cholesterol & steroid-based hormone synthesis; making lipids of lipoproteins
- Detoxification of drugs, some pesticides, carcinogenic chemicals
- Converting glycogen to free glucose
- Storage & release of calcium |
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- Stacked & flattened membranous sacs
- Modifies, concentrates & packages proteins & lipids from rough ER
- Transport vessels from ER fuse with convex cis face; proteins modified, tagged for delivery, sorted for delivery, sorted, packaged in vesicles |
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- 3 types of vesicles bud from concave trans face
- Secretory vesicles (granules)
- To trans face; release export proteins by exocytosis
- Vesicles of lipids & transmembrane proteins for plasma membrane or organelles
- Lysosomes containg digestive enzymes; remain in cell |
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- Membranous sacs containing powerful oxidases & catalases
- Detoxify harmful or toxic substances
- Catalysis & synthesis of fatty acids
- Neutralize dangerous free radicals
- Oxidases convert to H2O2 (also toxic)
- Catalases convert H2O2 to water & oxygen |
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- Spherical membranous bags containing digestive enzymes (acid hydrolases)
- "Safe" sites for intracellular digestion
- Digest ingested material- bacteria, viruses & toxins
- Degrade nonfunctional organelles
- Metabolic functions (break down & release glycogen)
- Destroy cells in injured or nonuseful tissue (autolysis)
Break down bond to release Ca2+ |
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- Elaborate series of rods throughout cytosol; proteins link rods to other cell structures
- 3 types:
- Microfilaments
- Intermediate filaments
- Microtubles |
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- Largest organelle; genetic library with blueprints for nearly all cellular proteins
- Responds to signals; dictates kinds & amounts of proteins synthesized
- Most cells uninucleate; skeletal muscle cells, bone destruction cells & some liver cells are multinucleate; red blood cells are anucleate
- 3 regions/structures |
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- Epithelial
- Connective
- Muscle
- Nervous |
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