1. Virulence factor
2. Sticky substance that allows oraganisms to move through connective tissue by decreaseing its permeability

1. Staph. aureus
2. Staph. epidermidis
3. Staph. saprophyticus

What are the factors that make Staph like our skin so much?

Virulence Factor

Protein-A

antibody neutrolizer - ties up immunoglobulin (Ig)

Virulence Factor

What is Fibronectin Binding Protein?

Virulence Factor

What is DNase?

Virulence Factor

What is a hemolysin?

Virulence Factor

What does Lacthamase do?

Vancomysin Intermediate Staph Aureus

semi-resistant, gene is not fully expressed

virulence factor that punches holes in leukocytes

lyses them

It's the triangular area on the face where you are most suseptible to staph infections. 

What are some general characteristics of Streptococcus?

Where does it like to infect? 

Facultative anerobe and creates biofilms 

it likes to infect deep

a toxin released by staph aureus, and pyogenes that alters BP, stimulates clotting factors, shuts down vasculature, and organs.

Causes toxic shock syndrome

1. It's opportunistic
2. Swarmer - swarm swimmer
3. Can form a biofilm

1. What is a virulence factor of Klebsiella?
2. Where does it usually infect?

1. Respiratory infections
2. opportunistic
3. produces thick capsules - polysaccharide chains like mucus, which lets it escape macrophages

1. What are some key features of Pseudomonas?
2. What diseases is it associated with? 
3. Virulence factors?

1. opportunistic and gram negative, stricly aerobic, plagues cystic fibrosis patients
2. causes pneumonia, corneal ulcers and swimmers ear
3. leukocidins, exotoxin A - inhibits protein synthesis, green pigment contains pyocyanin, proteases, and lipases

1. proteases & lipases
2. exotoxin A - cytotoxin that stops protein synthesis
3. leukocidin

1. It contains pilocidin
2. Colicin
3. Induces inflammatory response

1. What are some key features of Neiserria?
2. How is it transmitted?

1. causes meningitis or ghonnorhea
2. microdroplet transmission, std

1. P & S Fimbriae - (P - urogenital S - meninges)
2. Por Protein 
3. Opa Protein
4. Rmp Protein
5. LOS - lipooligosaccharide
6. IgA protease

1. capsule that camouflages from immune system
2. causes petechial lesions
3. microdroplet  transmission
4. ID50 = 10

1. found on the skin (armpit), can withstand dehydration, likes warm climate
2. opportunistic - neonates and ventilation patients most susceptible
3. causes UTI's

1. gram negative
2. microaerophils - likes small concentrations of oxygen

1. encapsulated
2. endotoxins
3. IgA protease
4. CDT - cytotoxic distending toxin - carinogen
5. Fimbriae and adhesins

Which strand of Hemophilus is the most problematic/pathogenic? 

What can it cause in infants?

Influenza Type B

can cause meningitis in infantst up to age 5

1. Pertussis agent
2. person to person transmission via aerosol; can't live outside of the body
3. DPT vaccine

1. pertussis toxin 
2. tracheal cytotoxin
3. dermatocritic toxin

1. What type of bacteria is Brucella?
2. What disease does it cause?
3. What are some Virulence factors associated with Brucella?

1. Coccobacillary
2. Brucelossis
3. Virulence factors:

• Toxic LPS 
• Can neutrolize peroxides
• Thick peptidoglycan layer (thicker than normal gram negatives)

• Undulent fever
• Bubos (swollen lymph nodes)

1. What is the most common carrier of Francisella?
2. What are some modes of transmission it can acquired through?
3. What symptom can it cause?

1. Rabbits
2. Airborne, Lesions, Vectors, Products from animals (meats etc)
3. Can cause a Bubo

1. What type of organism is Yersinia Pestis?
2. What is an infamous disease it causes?
3. What are virulence factors associated with Yersinia?

1. Coccobacillary
2. Bubonic Plague
3. V&W Factor, Fra Capsule, Secretion apparatus, Yop Proteins

1. What type of organism is Anthrax?
2. What are its carriers?
3. What is a visible sign typical of Anthrax?
4. What are its notable virulence factors?

1. Bacillus
2. Cattle, Livestock and Soil
3. Eschar - a necrotic patch
4. Athrax toxin which consists of a few other toxins (PA Factor, Edema Factor(ED), LF Factor)

1. What type of organism is Terpanema?
2. What is an associated disease caused by Trepanema?
3. What is its generation time?
4. What are some virulence factors?

1. Spirochete
2. Syphillis and Periodontitis
3. Gen time = 20-30 hours
4. Hyaluronidase, Can't be phagocytized due to their shape, Endoflagella, Phase Variation

1. What are typical incubation times of  Trepanemes?
2. Where does it usually colonize?

1. 3 weeks 
2. Urogenital tract

1. Primary Infection Stage: chanker leasion on penis - 1 month long
2. Primary Latency Stage - dormancy 1-2 months where phase variation takes place
3. Secondary Infection - organism moves and symptoms more system (Rash arthritis, warts)
4. Secondary Latency: goes into dormancy again, possibly for years
5. Tertiary Infection: crawls into CNS, causes dementia and insanity

1. What type of organism is Borellia Burgdorferi
2. What disease is it associated with?

1. It's a Spirochete
2. It causes Lyme's disease

Stage 1 - bullseye rash, fatigue, myalgia 

Stage 2 - Arhtritis, Palsy, Encephalitis, Cardiac Damage

Stage 3 - CNS disease, Arthritis, Alzheimers-like Meningitis

1. Where is Campylobacter Jejuni typically found?
2. What does it cause?

1. It's typically found in Poultry
2. Causes diarrhea, and arthritis. It can further develop into Guillans Barre Syndrome

1. What is the %'age of people is Helicobacter pylori present in?
2. What are some virulence facters associated with H. pylori?
3. When does infection usually occur?

1. It's present in 60% of people
2. Virulence factors include Ureases, Mucinase, Adhesins. It may also carry CAG Gene (pathogenicity island). It cay carry CDT (Cyto distending Toxin)

1. What is CDT toxin?
2. What is especially dangerous and different about this toxin?

1. Cyto distending toxin
2. It can be carcinogenic

1. What is the nick name for Mycobacterium? 
2. What is special about the cell walls of mycobacterium?
3. What is it's generation time?

1. Acid Fast bacteria
2. It has lipoprotein & peptidoglycan wall which makes it hard to kill
3. Gen Time = 13 hrs

1. Predisposition must be set up. Immunosuppressed due to trauma or secondary infection, macrophages not working well, substance abuse, stress etc.

1. What is a Tubercle?
2. What is a GHON complex? 

1. A Tubercle is a wall created around infected macrophages made of body tissue.
2. GHON complex is a calicified tubercle

FOUR drug therapy for TWO months - kill active growing popultion

THEN

TWO drugs for FOUR months

1. Where is Legionella found?
2. What disease does it cause?
3. What are some virulence factors?

1. Water systems, cooling towers, humidifiers
2. Legionaires disease
3. Cytotoxins, and exotoxins, pleomorphic

1. What are sub bacteria?
2. Which organisms are classified as subbacteria?

1. Bacteria that are smaller than normal bacteria.
2. Mycoplasm, Chlamydia, and Rickettsia

1. What are some characteristic features of Mycoplasma?
2. What are some disease associated with Mycoplasma?
3. What are some of its Virulence factors?

1. It has only 500 genes. It has a thick 3 layer cholesterol membrane wall, it's pleomorphic
2. Primary Atypical Pneumonia, NGU (Nongonnococcal urethritis)
3. NAP area, VSA proteins, adhesins

1. What are some freatures of Chlamydia?
2. What disease can it cause?
3. What is a virulence factor?

1. Lacks Peptidoglycan, lacks Kreb Cycle - drives ATP from its host. It reprodces by fission - has elementary and reticular bodies
2. Can cause NGU
3. LPS toxin

1. Population size
2. Presence of Spores or cysts
3. Matrix material that microbes are in 
4. Wheter antimicrobial microbicidal vs microbistatic

1. How does Heat act as an antimicrobial?
2. What are the most heat resistant organisms?

1. It coagulates proteins, denatures
2. Bacterial spores and fungal spores

1. How does Radiation act as an antimicrobial?
2. What is it used to sterilize mainly?

1. It breaks down DNA
2. Surfaces, foods, thin films of liquid

1. How is microfiltration an antimicrobial?
2. What are two types of microfilters commonly used?

1. It screens out microbes
2. HELP filters, and ULPA

1. The effectiveness of a chemical agant is deteremined by what?
2. What is that compared to?

1. Phenol Coefficient
2. It compares killing power of phenal as it relates to time required to kill a certain population of either Staph or Salmonella. 

• Inhibits cell wall formation
• distrupts cell membranes
• stops protein production
• inhibits nucleic acid formation

• Production of enzymes that break them down
• Changes in membrane permeability
• Pumping out by secretion apparatus
• Changes in ribosome structure

MRSA (Multi Resistant Staphylococcs Aureus)

XMD (Mycobacterium)

VRE (Enterococcus)

1. inhibiting viral polymerases (nucleotide analogs)
2. Protease inhibitors 
3. Inhibitors of attachment and penetration of the virus into the host cell

What is EIEC?

What is EPEC?

Enteroinvasive E. Coli

Enteropathogenic E. Coli