Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| found inside lymph vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| found outside cells and in between the cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| he science which studies blood and blood disorders |
|
|
Term
Functions of Blood
A) transportation
B) regulation
C) prevention
D) defence mechanisms |
|
Definition
A. Blood is critical in the _____ of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, heat, wastes, and hormones
B. It assists in the ______ of pH, body temperature, and water content (osmotic status) of cells
C. It has a vital role in ______ of blood loss through the various processes known as hemostasis
D. It provides _____ _____ against pathogens via white blood cells |
|
|
Term
Physical Characteristics of Blood
viscosity |
|
Definition
| Greater viscosity than water (Water’s viscosity = 1; Blood’s viscosity = 3.0 -4.5) |
|
|
Term
Physical Characteristics of Blood
Temperature of blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Physical Characteristics of Blood
pH of blood |
|
Definition
| pH of 7.35 to 7.45 (Below 7.35 = Acidosis; Above 7.45 = Alkalosis) |
|
|
Term
Physical Characteristics of Blood
percentage of blood inside the human body |
|
Definition
| Blood constitutes approximately 8% of body weight |
|
|
Term
Physical Characteristics of Blood
Blood volume |
|
Definition
| ranges between 4 to 6 liters (for females: 4-5 L; for males: 5-6 L) |
|
|
Term
Physical Characteristics of Blood
Blood components |
|
Definition
| 55% plasma and 45% formed elements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| represents the percentage of red blood cells in blood (called Packed Cell Volume (PCV) in animals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A lower than normal hematocrit is representative of a condition known as |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An abnormally high hematocrit is representative of? |
|
|
Term
pluripotent hyematopoietic stem cells
red bone marrow (myeloid) |
|
Definition
| Blood cells are formed from ________ __________ ____ ____ found in the ___ _____ _______. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| give rise to RBC’s, platelets, and all WBC’s except lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hemopoiesis (hematopoiesis) |
|
Definition
__________ is stimulated by several hematopoietic growth factors. These hematopoietic
growth factors stimulate differentiation and proliferation of blood cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| which hormone increases the number of RBC precursors? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increases the number of platelet precursors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (colony stimulating factors and interleukins) increase the number of WBC precursors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ____________ are (Red Blood Cells) contain the oxygen-carrying protein hemoglobin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| There are approximately ___________ red blood cells/microliter of blood (1 drop of blood = 50uL) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Erythrocytes are __________ discs __________. |
|
|
Term
(oxyhemoglobin)
(carbaminohemoglobin) |
|
Definition
| Hemoglobin functions to transport oxygen __________ and carbon dioxide _________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hemoglobin functions to regulate _______ ________. |
|
|
Term
| Unsaturated CO2 nitric oxide (NO) exhaled |
|
Definition
| __________ hemoglobin picks up ____ and __________, a gas which it releases to the lungs to be ______. |
|
|
Term
Saturated
oxygen
supernitric oxide (SNO) |
|
Definition
| _______ hemoglobin carries fresh _____and ___________ ____ from the lungs and releases them in body tissues. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __ tends to cause vasoconstriction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| By ferrying __ and ___ throughout the body, hemoglobin helps regulate _______ ______ by adjusting the amount of NO or SNO to which blood vessels are exposed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Red Blood Cells only live about because of the wear and tear on their plasma
membranes as they squeeze through blood capillaries. |
|
|
Term
phagocytosis
macrophages
recycled |
|
Definition
In the RBC life cycle, after _______ of warn-out RBC's by _______ , hemoglobin is ______; the globin portion is split from the heme with the amino acids being reused for protein
synthesis. The iron in the heme portion is reclaimed with the rest of the heme molecule; the rest
becomes a component of bile in the digestive process. |
|
|
Term
Erythropoiesis
red bone marrow |
|
Definition
| __________ is the production of red blood cells in ___ ____ ______ the of some bones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what type of red blood cells give rise to cells which begin to synthesize hemoglobin? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| At the end of development, the nucleus is ejected (causing it to become biconcave) and becomes __________ |
|
|
Term
bone marrow
circulatory system |
|
Definition
| Reticulocytes pass from the _____ _____ to the _________ ______; now are called erythrocytes |
|
|
Term
Hypoxia
kidney
erythropoietin |
|
Definition
| (low cellular oxygen) is detected by cells within the ______ which stimulates the production of ________. |
|
|
Term
pro-erythrocytes
reticulocytes |
|
Definition
Erythropoietin travels to the red bone marrow where it speeds the development of __________________
into ___________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nucleated cells, do not contain hemoglobin, but do contain cytoplasmic granules. |
|
|
Term
Granular leukocyte
eosinophils, basophils, and neutrophils |
|
Definition
________ ________ include _________, ________, and _________ based on the staining of enclosed granules.
the enclosed granules. |
|
|
Term
Agranular leukocytes
lymphocytes
monocytes |
|
Definition
_______ ______ have small, resistant-to-staining-cytoplasmic granules and included __________
and ________ (which differentiate into fixed and wandering macrophages) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
_______ usually live for only a few hours or a few days
2. Normal blood contains _______ to _______ leukocytes/uL |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| _________ refers to an increase in the number of WBC' |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| for increased eos, basos, neuts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to an abnormally low number of WBC's (-penia for decrease in any WBC) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the chemical attraction of WBC’s to a disease or injury site |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
___________ combat the effects of histamine in allergic reactions, phagocytize, antigen-
antibody complexes, and combat parasitic worms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
_______ develop into mast cells that liberate heparin, histamine, and serotonin in
allergic reactions that inteniify the inflammatory response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
_________, in response to the presence of foreign substances called antigens,
differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibodies (humoral-mediated immunity) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __________ destroys foreign invaders directly (cell-mediated immunity) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ____________ kills a wide variety of infectious microbes and certain self-tumor cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ________ stimulates myeloid stem cells to produce platelets |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Each fragment, enclosed by a piece of cell membrane, is a ___________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Normal blood contains _______ to _______ platelets/uL |
|
|
Term
Platelets
platelet plug
blood clotting |
|
Definition
______ help stop blood loss from damaged vessels by forming a ______ ____. Their granules also
contain chemicals that promote _____ ______. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
refers to the stoppage of bleeding. When blood vessels are damaged or ruptured,
the hemostatic response must be quick, localized to the region of damage, and carefully controlled. |
|
|
Term
vascular spasm
platelet plug formation,
blood coagulation |
|
Definition
| Hemostasis involves ______ _____, ______ ___ ______, and ____ _______ (clotting). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the smooth muscle of a vessel wall will contract to constrict vessel’s lumen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the clumping of platelets around the damage to slow bleeding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| _ ___ is a gel consisting of a network of insoluble protein fibers (fibrin) in which formed elements of blood are trapped |
|
|
Term
| coagulation (clotting) factors |
|
Definition
The chemicals involved in clotting are known as __________ ; most are in blood plasma;
some are released by platelets, and one is released from damaged tissue cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Clotting in an unbroken blood vessel is called ________; the clot is called a ______. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A thrombus (clot), bubble of air, fat from broken bones, or piece of debris transported by
the bloodstream that moves from the site of origin is called an _______. |
|
|
Term
| hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)or erythroblastosis fetalis. |
|
Definition
| A disorder due to Rh incompatibility between mother and fetus is called ______ ______. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
____ _____ in which a sample of blood is mixed with serum containing agglutinins to each of the major
agglutinognes (A, B, and Rh) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
______ is the determination of blood types, whereas cross-matching is the mixing of donor and
recipient blood for compatibility. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
condition in which the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is reduced; it is a sign, not a
diagnosis and is usually characterized by a decreased erythrocyte count or hemoglobin
deficiency. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inherited disorder due to an abnormal kind of hemoglobin. RBC's
exhibit a characteristic sickle shape, rupture easily, and show a reduced oxygen carrying capacity
which results in hemolytic anemia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inherited deficiency of clotting in which bleeding may occur spontaneously or
after only minor trauma |
|
|
Term
| Disseminated intravascular clotting |
|
Definition
disorder of hemostasis characterized by simultaneous
and unregulated blood clotting and hemorrhage. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
malignant disease of blood-forming tissues characterized by uncontrolled
production and accumulation of immature leukocytes. In chronic leukemia, there is an accumulation
of mature leukocytes in the bloodstream because they do not die at the end of their normal life span |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Anemia is a deficiency of hemoglobin in the blood. It can result from a decrease
in the number of erythrocytes, a decrease in the amount of hemoglobin in each erythrocyte, or both.
The decreased hemoglobin reduces the ability of blood to transport oxygen. |
|
|
Term
erythropenia (e.g. low crit)
markedly decreased hemoglobin
leukopenia |
|
Definition
The three hallmarks of aplastic
anemia are ________,____ ______ ______, and ______ (with
ALL WBC values markedly "off"). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ______ are protein molecules produced by certain cells, as part of the immune response, against a specific ______. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
An ____ is a substance, usually a membrane (ie “surface”) protein, that has the ability to provoke an immune
response and the ability to react with the ANTIBODIES (or cells) that result from the immune response. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ______ combine with (they “latch onto”) that specific _____ to neutralize, inhibit, or otherwise destroy it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Another term for ANTIBODIES is __________ , or Ig’s |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The combination of an ANTIBODY with the antigen for which it is specific is called an _____/_______ complex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of antigen/ANTIBODY-complex-formation is called ___________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| At least ___ varieties of naturally occurring RBC antigens are common in humans. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| for the __ ____ _____ : there are at least eight different types of Rh antigens, each of which is called an __ _____ . |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When mismatched blood is infused, a _______ _______ occurs in which the donor’s RBCs are attacked by the recipient’s plasma antibodies. |
|
|
Term
Males 4.5-6.5 million/micro-liter
Females 3.9-5.6 million/micro-liter |
|
Definition
| Normal red blood cell (erythrocyte) count |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormal increase in red blood cell count |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormally low red blood cell count |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| normal white blood cell count |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormally high blood platelet cell count |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormally low blood platelet cell count |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormally high lymphocyte cell count |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormally low lymphocyte cell count |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormally high monocyte cell count |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormally low monocyte cell count |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormally high neutrophil cell count |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormally low neutrophil cell count |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormally high eosinophile cell count |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormally low eosinophile cell count |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormally high basophile cell count |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormally low basophile cell count |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the abnormal size of red blood cells |
|
|
Term
macrocytes 0-5
microcytes 10 |
|
Definition
| two names of "anisocytotic cells" are: _________ (big) and __________ (small). |
|
|
Term
Males 14-18 gm3/dl
Females 12-16 gm3/dl |
|
Definition
| Normal levels of hemoglobin (HGB) are: |
|
|
Term
Males 40-54%
Females 37-47% |
|
Definition
| Normal level of hematocrit (HCT): |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormal blood cell shape |
|
|
Term
burr cells
helmet cells
tear drop cells
spherocytes
ovalocytes
elliptocytes |
|
Definition
| abnormal blood cell shapes include: |
|
|
Term
Neutrophils: 60-70%
lymphocytes: 20-25%
Monocytes: 3-8%
Eosinophils: 2-4%
Basophils: 0.5-1% |
|
Definition
| Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| WBC's are made in the ________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Normal values of seg. neut |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Normal values of band neuts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Normal values of eosinophils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Normal values of basophils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| normal platelet cell count |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ______ will be elevated whenever there is an infection because they are phagocytes |
|
|
Term
| plasma proteins, water, other solutes. |
|
Definition
| Blood plasma is consists of: |
|
|
Term
| Fibrinogen, Prothrombin & 10 other factors |
|
Definition
| Plasma proteins consist of: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (___ by weight) of blood plasma are _______. |
|
|
Term
1) Alpha
2) Beta
3) Gamma (immunoglobins) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 38%% of blood plasma proteins are |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Electrolytes, Nutrients, Gases, Regulatory substances, Waste products are an example of _______ _______. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils are examples of: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lymphocytes and Monocytes are examples of: |
|
|
