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Definition
| The ______ system controls body actions through nerve impulses; thus it has a very rapid onset or response(s) and a very rapid end |
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| controls body activities by releasing mediator molecules called hormones |
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| The science concerned with the structure and function of the endocrine glands and the diagnosis and treatment of endocrine disorders |
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Definition
| nervous and endocrine systems act as a coordinated interlocking supersystem |
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| The _______ _______ affects virtually all body tissues by altering metabolism, regulating growth and development, and influencing reproductive processes. |
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Definition
| Glands are derived from what type of tissue? |
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| secrete their products into ducts, and the ducts carry the secretions to the target site on one of the many body surfaces |
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| secrete their products (hormones) into the interstitial fluid surrounding the secretory cells from which they diffuse into capillaries to be carried away by blood. |
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| the Pineal Gland, Hypothalamus, Pituitary Gland (aka: Hypophysis), Thymus, Thyroid Gland, Parathyroid Glands, Pancreas, Adrenal Glands, and Gonads (Ovaries for females and Testes for males. |
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Definition
| the endocrine glands which constitute the Endocrine System include |
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| Pineal, Pituitary, Thyroid, Parathyroids, and Adrenals |
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Definition
| Of these 10 endocrine glands, only five are PURELY ENDOCRINE |
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| the Hypothalamus, Thymus, Pancreas, Ovaries, and Testes. |
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Definition
| the other five glands are not exclusively endocrine in their functioning but do secrete hormones |
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| the: kidneys, stomach, liver, small intestine, skin, heart, adipose connective tissue and placenta |
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Definition
| Additional tissues whose cells produce/secrete hormones (or hormone-like sub-stances) include |
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Definition
| Although circulating hormones travel in the blood throughout the body, they affect only specific _____ ____. |
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Term
| protein or glycoprotein receptors |
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Definition
| Target cells have specific______to which hormones bind. |
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Definition
| When a hormone is present in excess,________, the decrease in the number of receptors, may occur |
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Definition
| When a hormone is deficient,_________, an increase in the number of receptors, may occur. |
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Term
| drugs. (Clinical Application) |
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Definition
| Synthetic hormones that block the receptors for particular naturally occurring hormones are available AS |
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| circulating hormones (aka: endocrines) |
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Definition
Hormones that travel in the blood and act on distant target cells are called
target cells=blood |
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Definition
| Hormones that act locally without first entering the blood stream are called |
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Definition
| Local hormones that act on neighboring cells are called |
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Definition
| Local hormones that act on the same cell that produced/secreted them are termed |
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Definition
| include the steroids, thyroid hormones( T3 and T4), and nitric oxide (NO), which acts as a local hormone in several tissues. |
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Definition
| include the amines; peptides, proteins, and glycoproteins; and eicosanoids (prostaglandins + leukotrienes) |
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Definition
| Synthesized on the RER and most have a carbohydrate group also, hence are |
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| Most _______ circulate in plasma in a free, unattached form |
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Definition
| Most _____ _______ hormones bind to transport proteins to be carried in blood |
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Definition
| The _____ _______ improve the transportability of lipid-soluble hormones by making them temporarily water-soluble, retard passage of small hormone molecules through the kidney filter (thus slowing the rate of hormone loss in urine), and provide a ready reserve of hormone already present in blood. |
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Term
| Protein and peptide hormones |
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Definition
| _______ and ______ hormones such as insulin, will be destroyed by digestive enzymes and must be given by injection (Clinical Application). |
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Term
| Action of Lipid-Soluble Hormone |
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Definition
1. Lipid-soluble hormones bind to and activate receptors within cells.
2. The activated receptors then alter gene expression which results in the formation of new proteins.
3. The new proteins alter the cells activity and result in the physiological responses of those hormones. |
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Term
| Action of Water-Soluble Hormones |
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Definition
| 1. Water-soluble hormones never gain entrance into their target cell; rather they alter the target cells’ function(s) by activating plasma membrane receptors, which set off a cascade of events inside the cell. |
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Definition
| The water-soluble hormone that binds to the plasmalemma receptor is the ______ _____. |
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Definition
| A _______ _______ is released inside the cell where hormone stimulated response takes place. |
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| Peptides (3 – 49 aa’s long) and Proteins (50 – 200 aa’s long) |
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Definition
THIS IS THE LARGEST CLASS of hormones and includes all Hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones; all Pituitary hormones; all Pancreatic hormones;
PTH, Calcitonin, the stomach and intestinal hormones, Erythropoietin, and Leptin. |
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Definition
The responsiveness of a target cell to a hormone depends on three factors:
(1) the hormone’s concentration, (2) the abundance of the target cell’s hormone receptors, and (3) influences exerted by other hormones |
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Term
| hormone-to-hormone interactions |
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Definition
| 2. Three types of ________to______ _______ are: (1) the permissive effect, (2) the synergistic effect, and (3) the antagonistic effect. |
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Definition
| control for hormone secretion via signals from the nervous system |
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Definition
| control for hormone secretion via chemical changes in the blood |
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Definition
| control for hormone secretion via other hormones |
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Definition
| Most often, ________ _____ systems regulate hormonal secretions |
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Definition
| The __________ is the major integrating link between the nervous and endocrine systems. |
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Term
| hypothalamus and the pituitary gland (hypophysis) |
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Definition
| B. The _______ and the _______ ____ regulate virtually all aspects of growth, development, metabolism, and homeostasis. |
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Term
anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis, the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis),
pars intermedia |
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Definition
| The pituitary gland is located in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone and is differentiated into the _______ ______ ,________ _______ , and _______ |
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Term
| Human growth hormone (hGH) |
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Definition
| hormone secreted by somatotrophs. |
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| Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) |
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Definition
| hormone secreted by thyrotrophs. |
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| Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) |
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Definition
| hormones secreted by gonadotrophs. |
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Definition
| hormone secreted by lactrotrophs. |
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| Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) |
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Definition
| hormones secreted by corticotrophs. |
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Definition
the actions of some hormones on target cells require a simultaneous (or recent exposure) to a second hormone.
sometimes the permissive hormone increases the number of receptors on the other hormone. |
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Definition
| when the effect if two hormones acting together is greater or more extensive than the effect of each hormone acting alone. |
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Definition
when one hormone opposes the action(s) of another, the two hormones are said to have a _______ _______
ex: insulin (promotes synthesis of glycogen by liver cells) and glucagon (stimulates breakdown of glycogen in the liver). |
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Term
oxytocin (OT)
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
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Definition
| c. Hormones made by the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary are _______ and _________. |
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Term
| thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), |
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Definition
| The thyroid gland secretes the thyroid hormones _____ and ______ |
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Term
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Definition
| ______ ______ regulate oxygen use and basal metabolic rate, cellular metabolism, and growth and development |
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Term
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Definition
| parathyroid glands produce the ______ _____. |
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Term
| Parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
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Definition
| _______ ______ regulates the homeostasis of calcium and phosphate by increasing blood calcium level and decreasing blood phosphate level. |
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Term
Hormones
very low concentrations |
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Definition
| _____ have very powerful effects when present in _____ ____ concentrations. |
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